Greek and Roman Architecture essay example Example For Students

Greek and Roman Architecture article model Greek and Roman both offer similitudes, however have various qualities and utilize diverse development types. Greek design utilized Post and-Lintel development, while Roman development ruled in curves, arches and vaults. Post and-Lintel development is obvious in the structures that make up the Acropolis in Greece, including the Pantheon and the Temple of Hear, which utilized drums to make sections or lines of segments that pre-owned fluting and tightening to cause the segments to appear to entirely vertical. This likewise invigorated solidness and burden bearing, and Involves, or tightening that makes the base of the columns greater than the top. Likewise, the Greeks were additionally known for expanding on acropolises, making the structure site noticeable from the entire city, however made this the point of convergence of the city too. Roman design likewise utilizes columns, however they are progressively known for their curves, arches and vaults. For instance, the Coliseum in Rome utilizes a progression of vaults for more grounded development; this can likewise be found in the Pont du Agar Aims, France. The domed development permits stacking building material higher, with included quality, without including supporting development. The quality of the Roman curves is from the utilization of guests, or wedge pieces that total the curve, and cornerstones. The Romans likewise utilized barrel vaults and groined vaults, permitting them to construct long and huge passages that are totally secured and incredibly solid, which is additionally found in the engineering in the arrangement and the Pantheon in Rome. Notwithstanding idealizing the vault

Views of Christianity and Islam Towards Trade

Christianity and Islam are two of the most rehearsed religions on the planet, and have been for a considerable length of time. These two beliefs are both monotheistic, which implies they adore one God, or Allah. Begun once again 2000 years back, Christianity depends on the lessons and life of Jesus Christ and was spread all through the Roman Empire. The religion of Islam started right off the bat in 600 C. E. by the prophet Muhammad, and he spread the news of Allah. These religions spread rapidly in Europe and the Middle East. As they advanced, new exchanging courses came to fruition in these areas.Overtime, Christianity and Islam created feelings about the exchanging and organizations action and the individuals who sought after it. As indicated by the religion’s blessed books, the Bible and Qur’an, their perspectives on exchange were diverse from the start. Christians accepted that individuals ought not exchange; for it was not the quest for man. Muslims were significa ntly more open minded of exchange, as long as vendors were straightforward in their dealing. By 1000 C. E, both the religions’ mentalities towards exchange had changed totally. Christian researchers started to train that legit exchange was adequate, while Muslim researchers saw the threat that exchange brought to a man’s soul.By the fifteenth century, mentalities towards exchange had much progressively radical change indeed. Christianity embraced that exchange was energized and commendable, while Muslims accepted dealers were degenerate. At the point when the two religions initially started, Christianity and Islam varied from the start on their perspectives concerning exchange. As expressed in the Christian Bible, it is practically outlandish for a rich man to enter the realm of God (record 1). For Christians, from the outset they needed to carry on with an unassuming existence without making any profits.Its said that it was simpler for a camel to experience the apertu re of a needle, than for a rich man to go into the realm of God. With respect to Muslims this contrasted in light of the fact that in the Qur’an, men were permitted to exchange as long as they were straightforward; said in record 2. â€Å"If the two gatherings talk reality and make it show, their exchange will be honored, and in the event that they hide and tell and falsehood, the gift of their exchange will be devastated. † This implies in the event that two individuals exchange reasonably among one another without cheating, at that point nothing isn't right as indicated by the Islam beliefs.If one of the men are cheated, at that point their business will be cleared out. The purpose of report 1 was that Jesus was a poor man, in this way his adherents satisfied being poor too. At the point when Christianity began, Christians accepted that so as to go to paradise, they should carry on with a poor and humble life, similar to Jesus did. A similar rationale applies for Mus lims in report 2, who’s originator Muhammed was an affluent shipper. In report two, the creator is supporting traders and saying that they will be acknowledged by Allah as long as they are truthful.Muslims firmly accepted that it was alright to be a well off shipper as long you are straightforward, as Muhammed. Along these lines, the two religions were from the start diverse in light of the fact that Christianity had negative perspectives toward exchange while Islam was for it; and they were indistinguishable in light of the fact that the purpose behind their perspectives both followed back to their authors. In archives four and five, the view purposes of Christians and Muslims toward exchange started to change. Christians, who were from the start against exchange and getting well off from it, presently state that it is alright to exchange as long as you are honest.Stated in archive four, â€Å"No man should offer a thing to another man for more than its value. † This is stating that for men to work with each other, they should not sell things for more than they are worth, or as it were trick one another. While Christian researchers are getting more permissive towards exchange than they were the point at which the religion began, Islamic researchers are getting increasingly exacting. Muslims currently accept that selling things for a benefit, regardless of whether it is straightforward, is definitely influencing the spirit. â€Å"These characteristics lead to a lessening and debilitating in ideals and manliness,† (archive five).The Islam look on exchange presently observes that the strategies that exchange utilizes are stunts planned for making a benefit by making sure about the contrast among purchasing and selling costs. The two religions, nonetheless, are still to some degree comparative since the two of them accept that exchanging for enormous benefits can in the end lead to defilement of the spirit. Perspectives on exchange by Christi ans and Muslims yet kept on changing much further in archives six and seven. It appears in record six as though Christians were being urged to exchange as long as it included God.Religious works of art of Our Lady were being requested, along these lines Christians currently need individuals to exchange. Additionally in record six it is expressed that, â€Å"You realize God has conceded you to secure extraordinary wealth in this world, may He be lauded. † It is currently expected for Christian vendors to exchange and use God at the same time. Additional time you can see the change on the perspectives on exchange, in light of the fact that from the start Christians didn't need anybody making an enormous benefit. With respect to Muslims, dealers are loosing cash from exchanging. In archive seven, Sakaoglu Nasuh is a case of how after some time the trade movement has influenced his moral traditions. The previously mentioned has now acted in opposition to the old custom. † T his is on the grounds that he is purchasing all the cotton yarn and selling them at greater expenses. Subsequently, not giving different shippers a reasonable chance to purchase and sell the cotton too. This is conflicting with what the Islam religion accepted, which is business exercises are worthy as long as you are not exploiting others. The Islamic Court likely said this is report seven since they needed to satisfy the individuals and let them realize that dealers must obey.The two religions keep on varying in these archives since Christians are currently convincing individuals to exchange, while Islam exchanging is turning out to be consumed. Be that as it may, Christianity and Islam are still indistinguishable in which the two of them use religion for instance. The perspectives of Christianity and Islam towards exchange and shippers contrasted. At the point when the two religions initially started, they had inverse perspectives from one another. Christians considered exchange to be riches as being a long way from God and it was not endorsed. Muslims, then again, endured exchange as long as the two gatherings were straightforward and nobody was exploited of.Later on, these perspectives changed when Christians turned out to be increasingly tolerant and furthermore acknowledged genuine exchange. Muslims at that point considered exchange to be unavoidably influencing the spirit when traders got degenerate by outbidding different shippers. Be that as it may, we would require extra records, for example, reports from the average folks so as to asses the results of the vendor exercises. We don't have the foggiest idea how the Christians’ or Muslims’ average people saw the exchanging business, in this way, we can't completely see all parts of the religions towards it.

Overcoming Obstacles

Overcoming Obstacles Overcoming Obstacles Home›Consideration Posts›Overcoming Obstacles Consideration PostsEvery living person has the major purpose of being successful in whatever they do. These simply mean that success is part of the human nature and everybody strives through all the possible means to achieve it (Badegruber, 2005). The achievement of success is however not an easy task to come by following the many challenges which people are exposed to in life. Notably, the lives which people live never present the ideal situations which a person may need for success. These calls for each and every person who is success oriented to be able to have and employ life skills which are very pertinent in the navigation between the many obstacles which the life is faced with.In reality, it is important to note that for success to be ensued, and then personal initiative is a very important factor to consider (Volkman, 2005). The personal attributes which influences the level of success comes in two major ways. To some people, they are the greatest stumbling block to their success and to some; they are the agents’ f motivations to their own success. This leads to the situation where the phrase “I have never known a greater miracle or a monster, than myself” do apply. In many a cases, each and every person has the capacity to chart out the way forward which they are to follow to achieve the required success which the person requires.The way in which people handle the challenges which are presented before them are very important in the management and the overcoming of the challenges. This makes people to be divided into two major groups, the pessimists and the optimist groups. It is important to note that when presented with the same obstacle in the same situation, the optimist would not be able to give up and will be in the constant look out to find the best ways possible to solve the problem (Bond, 1998). The optimist will always try to mentally conceptualize the possible ways in which the obstacle can be overcome through the constant trial of various methods and approaches.On the other hand, the pessimists would react differently when presented with the same situation (Bond, 1998). The pessimists are the Nay Sayers who see the end of everything right from their beginnings. They then go on pilling numerous excuses for why the situation could be solved. They then take very less effort to solve the problems which confront them in their lives. Notably, the moment one quits the trial for the search of the possible ways to solve the problem gives the pessimist a null option of overcoming the obstacle.  These two approaches to a similar challenge reveals that the kinds of effort which a person invests in their bid to solve problems are very important in the overcoming of the life obstacles presented (Bond, 1998).The fact presented here is that for the success of an individual, the initiative of the individual is very important. For the person who would like to advance in life by overcoming the ever menacing life challenges, then the personal efforts are very important (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts, 2009). The personal initiative involves first of all recognizing the strengths and the weaknesses of the person concerned. For the success to be initiated, then the person concerned must be able to cross their boundaries which limit the person to achieve the success required. The person must therefore be in a position to overcome their arrogance, ignorance and the pride which they may posses. Then they take the necessary actions of growth to achieve the laid down growth goals (Badegruber, 2005).In the process of overcoming the life obstacles, it is important to note that “force does not create any right”. In the event that a life challenge or obstacle presents itself to the people, then it would be important to note that using force can never solve the menacing problems. Problems should be solve d by the careful analysis of the situations surrounding the problems. A careful analysis is consequently made in terms of the generation of all the possible solutions to the problems (Bond, 1998). Logicality and critically, the best option is then taken and implemented in the attempt to solve the problem. All along, strategies and control measures are then put in place to ensure that the variations and the deviations of the planned policies are closely monitored for the taking of any corrective issues. Such a pragmatic process of problem solving would ensure that the person is well equipped enough to tackle the life challenges.In contrast, many people resort to force in an attempt to solve the life challenges. Many people take the easy option of short cuts in solving the life challenges and the life obstacles. In an event that a hard life problem faces such people, they look for ways to ‘switch off’ their minds and rather postpone the problem until some other time in the future. The ‘switch off’ type of people use such agents like drugs more so alcohol to join the utopia and unrealistic world where they no longer think of the same problems which they cannot solve in their lives (Bond, 1998). Once they have taken the illicit, they tend to be more aggressive and become very violent whenever they are reminded of their problems (Badegruber, 2005). Such people are the ones who can be called the escapists who use drugs and violence as a way of escaping from the reality and postpone their problems until some other time when they feel more prepared to take on the problems.It is however important to remember that the use of force does not solve any problem in the whole process of overcoming the obstacles. Escaping from the reality by the appeal to force where one knows that they are on the wrong but because of the authority and power vested on them, they go round intimidating people to drop the problems (Volkman, 2005). This does not actually offer any solution at all the problem. These in most cases only lead to the creation of more problems in case the subjects fail to be intimidated and thus resort to counter the intimidation with some other form of mass action. This same scenario is very common in among the political elites who then feel that once they are in power, then they are destined to be in power for the rest of their lives. They thus do not respect the constitutions in their countries and go round deviating and ignoring the constitutions to remain in power through forceful means. Appeal to force thus only aggravates the problem or only suspends the problem but cannot be used as the sole method to the problem solving process.The use of force as a strategy towards solving of conflicts is very common among the bad political leaders. The bad political leaders are the ones who use excessive force in the advancement and the administration of their policies. Bad leaders ensure that they use the existing military powers at their dispo sal to silences any force which might come up to oppose their evil rule of the thumb. In cases where the oppressed are united enough and revolt against such leaders through the social force and search for the justice, then it would lead to even further detrimental effects which would thus lead to more deaths. At the end of the day however, such poor leaders must be brought to book and must pay for the sins of crime which the committed against humanity.For an effective overcoming of the life obstacles, it is far safer to hate than to be love, and it is equally far better to be hated than to be loved. The point here involves the development of the points of comfort and the points of discomfort in the development of the life planed aimed towards solving the life obstacles (Volkman, 2005). If there is love for a given concept or person, then there is comfort. And in places where there is comfort, there are no obstacles or necessities. Going by the old adage that necessity is the mother of all inventions, and then it would mean that the one who is in the comfort zone of being loved and who can be able to show love lack the necessity. They would therefore not strive at all to undertake any effort to improve and overcome any life obstacle which may be manifest in their lives.For a successful life planning and projections for the effective management of the life obstacles, it would be prudent that the person concerned not to show love at all and should not be loved. Hate springs the person concerned into actions. The actions which are advanced by those who hate the situations where they are involved in explore the possible options available to help in the alleviation of the unpleasant conditions. During the process, the person gets to come into contact with the life challenges and the life obstacles (Volkman, 2005). The efforts which the person employs with the aim of alleviating the problem thus lead to the person acquiring the practical life skills which are very im portant in solving any life obstacle which may come by. These mean that being loved and loving which are the conditions of comfort are very detrimental to the growth of the person and equipping of the person towards the personal positioning to the life goals.In of leadership, there are different types of leaders who approach the concept of fear and love differently. Some leaders use a lot of force to intimidate their followers into respecting them and thus attempting to maintain their leadership positions. On the other hand, some leaders use then power of love to ensure that all their subjects give them the utmost respect. When fear is used into instilling discipline and respect, then it leads to hate of the leaders by the subjects (Badegruber, 2005). A leader who is hated by the subjects is in the verge of being toppled. They stands a risk  and have high chances of failure as the subjects would be looking for the most appropriate ways to ensure the down fall of the hated leader. S uch a leader should therefore be very keen in ensuring that all is well on his part of the subjects and in doing so, he can still become a successful leader.On the other hand, being a loving leader does not mean that a person is assuring of automatic success. The fact that the leader is lived by the other equally posses a challenge to the leader s there are some people who may not be pleased with such leadership.Action without the clear thought can never ripen into truth is just another point which the person oriented to the achievement of success is able to take note of and internalize. It simply mean that for any truth to be ascertained and any goal achieved, then the actions of the people concerned must be well harnessed and well channeled to the right directions of well thought out end goals (Badegruber, 2005). The provisions of the actions without a well planned and prior planned goals would mean a total disaster join the outcome. This is because such actions may become irrelev ant. In the situations where they become irrelevant, then the continued practice of the unplanned actions would mean that there is the widening edge of the planned and irrelevant achieved goals. This is not only very costly in term of time and money resources but is also embarrassing and disgusting.In addition, it is important to note that each generation must discover its mission, and to fulfill it or betray it, in relative must identify the reason why they are living opacity. The fact presented here is that each and every generation with the people concerned why they are living. People must be purpose driven so as to achieve the life obstacles and make them the stepping stones to the achievement. People who are purpose driven in life know how to tackle the life challenges more than their counterparts who are not purpose driven. Being purpose driven thus ensures that the person lives an objective oriented life which is open and well planned out. (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts 2009)In other circumstances, the generation which have no purpose drive in life or who cannot identify their purpose in life are not able to bring about any meaningful changes in the quality of life teeth they live. It is surely important to remember that a generation is a collection of people, and within the generation, individual input is very important and should be held with high esteem. The individual input would help the person achieve the outlined goals in life and thus marking the personal objectives to the obstacles removal in their lives (Volkman, 2005).Finally, it is important to realize and take note that everything can be explained to the people, on the single condition that you want them to understand. People will always understand what is told to them at once if they are well, prepared to learn.   The fact that people are always informed of the pertinent issues when they are least prepared makes them lose interest in what they ar e being told and thus end up not understanding the concept fully (Badegruber, 2005). When people are informed of the right materials the right time, they get prepared to learn and acquire life skills to counter the life obstacles. When the content materials are well understood, then the person will be more equipped to face the life obstacles. They would be more confident to tackle the life obstacles using the most appropriate methods which also help in the advancement of life skills to the persons.ConclusionThe life obstacles are there to stay with the human beings. They are the challenges which the people must be able to overcome in order to live a meaningful life after the achievement if the life success. Though many people find it difficult top fact life squarely, they are destined to make the decisions. Moreover, the pessimist who shy away from the life decision making choices always find it hard to succeed in life.

The Writings of John Donne - 1184 Words

The 17th century opened with a generation of great social change which culminated in the eventual execution of King Charles I in 1649. This created an atmosphere of conflict that permeates much of the literature of the period. The writings of John Donne are rife with this conflict, reflecting in their content a view of love and women radically and cynically altered from that which preceding generations of poets had handed down. nbsp; John Donnes view of love deviated greatly from the Medieval philosophy of courtly love, which had been expressed in poetry handed down from the sonnets of such poetic giants as Sidney and Petrarch. The general verse until then had focused greatly on the unrivalled importance of love in the context†¦show more content†¦This demystification continues in Donnes Song, a poem explaining how there is not anywhere in existence a beautiful woman who will remain faithful. And swear/No where/Lives a woman true, and fair. (l. 16-18) This inconsistent nature attributed to females is hardly complimentary, but it is certainly a vast change from the cold indifference of Petrarchs idyllic mistress. nbsp; In still another twist on poetic description of social norms, The Undertaking presents as a brave (to the point of heroic) deed his relationship with a woman based on the virtue in her heart- and then the hiding of that relationship to avoid scorn. He presents the woman very nearly as an equal, which is a strange concept when contrasted with more of Donnes verse. nbsp; If, as I have, you also do Virtue attired in woman see, And dare love that, and say so too, And forget the He and She; (ll. 17-20) nbsp; In the rest of the poem, Donne states that this exercise (relating with a woman based on her virtue) is useless, as it is almost impossible to find such a woman with virtuous heart (ll. 5-12), thus fulfilling his apparent anti-feminist beliefs. Still, the peculiarities of this poem should be viewed for all they are worth, as they are particularly reflective of the change in the view of women. nbsp; In the phrase forget the He and She, Donne expresses a sort ofShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Outweighing By John Donne And Shakespeare On The Writing Of The Period2782 Words   |  12 Pagesto thighs? (Donne, ‘Sappho to Philaenis’) Write an essay on the treatment of homoeroticism in the writing of the period. The treatment of homoeroticism is explored through the influential writings of both John Donne and Shakespeare in the Renaissance Era. Similarly, the voice of both present a scornful dismissal of the opposite sex in order to defy the typical conventions of heterosexuality. Whilst Donne explores lesbianism in his poem ‘Sappho to Philaenis’Read MoreEssay on Writing Style of Holy Sonnet 10 by John Donne510 Words   |  3 PagesWriting Style of Holy Sonnet 10 by John Donne John Donne’s diction, detail, point of view, metaphysical format, and tone used in â€Å"Holy Sonnet 10† convey both a feeling of cynical and domination, and also a sense of mockery of death. The effects on the reader include assurance and confidence in facing death. The author’s diction makes the reader feel that death ca be defeated. For example, death has been called â€Å"mighty and dreadful† but the author shows that it is not more than a â€Å"short sleep†Read MoreJohn Donne: An Influential English Poet957 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Donne, one of the greatest English poets and preachers of the 1600’s, greatly impacted the writing field through his works. In the first half of 1572 (actual date is unknown) he was born in London to John Donne, a merchant, and Elizabeth Heywood Donne, the daughter of the poet and playwright John Heywood. His father died when Donne was about four years old. His younger brother, Henry, also died in John Donne’s early life. John Donne was raised in a Catholic family. Both of his parents wereRead MoreAnalysis Of Meditation 17 By John Donne1053 Words   |  5 PagesMeditation 17 is a poem by John Donne that reveals his thoughts and beliefs on the world altogether. We see a lo t of religion cited in this poem and then we also see a kind of dark side of that which would be death. In this poem, John Donne elevates this poem by the way he structures it as well as the language and situation. The language is so important to understand because it can convey a message that is deeper than just the words. We see a lot of words that very common in this poem however,Read MoreThe Flea By John Donne1558 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Flea† Essay â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne when looked at briefly is simply a poem about a man trying to seduce a woman into participating in pre-material sexual relationship with him. However, â€Å"The Flea† constructs many more important arguments than simply that one. The poem touches on religion, love, and sex in a non-romanticized way, contrasting the normal glamorized stance seen in most of poetry. Most of John Donne’s poems have either romantic themes or religious themes; â€Å"The Flea† has both. ItRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry of John Donne1441 Words   |  6 PagesKirsten Furnish AP Literature Mrs. Hendricks November 1, 2012 Literary Analysis of John Donne This examination of John Donne’s metaphysical poetry includes analysis of Donne’s use of topic, structure, scansion, style and theme. John Donne is known as one of the best writers of metaphysical poetry, a genre of poetry that is characterized specifically by themes of knowledge, intellect, and having a somewhat unrecognizable meter or rhyme. Metaphysical poetry forsakes pure and genial nature of otherRead MoreAnalysis Of A Valediction Forbidding Mourning 1108 Words   |  5 Pagespoem, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne employs conceit, symbolism, and tone to poetically paint a picture of the true love that exist between a man and his wife. John Donne was born on January22, 1572 to a Catholic family in England. (John Donne Biography) In his twenties Donne spent a lot of money on women, books and traveling. ( John Donne Biography) In 1601 Donne became a member of Parliament and married Anne More. ( John Donne Biography) Neither of the families approvedRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud1025 Words   |  5 PagesCOURSE # AND TITLE: ENGL 102-D11: Literature and Composition SEMESTER OF ENROLLMENT: Spring 2013 NAME: Greg Mohnkern ID: L23191458 WRITING STYLE USED: Essay of poetry (MLA style) Thesis Statement: â€Å"Death be not proud† by John Donne personifies death, as its title aptly prescribes. Giving death human traits allows the writer to blast him with colorful images full of sarcasm and a tone of defiance. The ultimate message of the author provokes the human soul to resist the fear ofRead More John Donnes Use of Wit Language and Metaphor in Poetry Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Donnes Use of Wit Language and Metaphor in Poetry As discussed on a previous short essay question, John Donne is considered to be one of the greatest metaphysical poets of our time, even though he published only a small number of poems in his lifetime. The poems he did write were metaphorical and often humorus poems telling the tale of religious love and sex. Being a metaphysical poet he exhibited many characteristics of the metaphysical poets. He wrote with metaphysical wit, metaphysicalRead More John Donnes The Holy Sonnets Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Donnes The Holy Sonnets By making many references to the Bible, John Donnes Holy Sonnets reveal his want to be accepted and forgiven by God. A fear of death without Gods forgiveness of sins is conveyed in these sonnets. Donne expresses extreme anxiety and fright that Satan has taken over his soul and God wont forgive him for it or his sins. A central theme of healing and forgiveness imply that John Donne, however much he wrote about God and being holy, wasnt such a holy man all of

Women And Women s Rights - 1176 Words

Inequality It’s incredible how every country in this world has different customs and beliefs towards gender roles. In the United States, women began to fight for their freedom through the Women’s Right Movement in the 19th century. Through many obstacles and suffering, they accomplished voting rights, equal pay, reproductive rights, the right to run for political office, and much more. Sadly, not everyone believes that women should have equal rights as men. In the rural areas of India, due to the massive amount of population, poverty is extremely high which is affecting many people negatively, especially the women and young girls. The community is expressing Anti-female biased by committing violent acts against the women, giving then†¦show more content†¦I am amazed at the fact that even though it is a tradition in India for women to serve men, a couple shown in the documentary work together and equally, which challenges society norms. Normally, it is difficult for village Indian woman to talk about sexual subjects due to the culture norms, such as, not being able to leave the house and covering their full body because they believe it is sacred, however, this have and will change. Gender inequality is expressed in India where women and girls do not have equal access to information and resources as men do. Throughout the documentary, I observed a great amount of inequality and discrimination based on gender and gender roles. Indian women and young girls are sadly mistreated, and neglected. For instance, young girls are forced to do manual labor as their bones are still forming, which is one of the causes of why Indian females have more fractures and severe back pain then males. Another reason why Indian women are abused is due to the massive amount of population causing criminal acts towards them to avoid human reproduction. Traditions and social norms remain extremely powerful in India, due to male dominance which empowers all. My perspective, based on this film would be conflict theory, which is a macro analytical view, as it looks at society as a competition for limited resources. One example shown in the video was when village women were not able to speak to male

Treasury Report Free Essays

{TOPIC} AN ASSESSMENT OF TREASURY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BASED ON ITS REVENUE. BY: NAME: ONIFADE AYOMIDE OLUWATOBA MATRIC NO: 09/SMS02/015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT THAT IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING FACULTY OF AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. We will write a custom essay sample on Treasury Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now SC) HONS IN ACCOUNTING. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the study CHAPTER TWO 2. 0Literature Review CHAPTER THREE 3. 0Research Methodology CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0Data Presentation and analysis CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0Summary 5. 1Conclusion. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Local government in any nation like Nigeria is an entity through which government and its policies are carried to the grass root. The government body of such an entity is selected or otherwise locally selected. It constitutes an integral party of a country overall political structure. The creation of local government is made by the law of the state government with intention of bringing government to the people. It is clearly understand that even if the machinery of the state government stops franchising law and order will still prevail, if local council in Nigeria continues to exist. According to Okoli (1998) local government exist to fell the gasp which the national government is to remote to fell, it bring the national government closer to the people and make its impact feet in all the nooks and cronies of the society. By implication the national government through thus medium caters for the grassroots. Local government plays vital roles in the development of the country. It can also be maintained that should local government machinery ground to a half, there is bound to be chosen and confusion. They are the overall of authority and it is through them that the provision of all facilities and services aimed at giving the people higher standard of living and maintenance of law and order can be made. Accordingly attempts have been made at different stages of the country political life to modify the local administrative system and to make them perform their role and function. But in spite of these efforts, the local government authorities continue to exhibit evidences of poor performance. Thus had led to the federal government affairs and eventual entrenchment of the system in the country’s constitution. According to Gbenga (2001) local government can be defined as the process through which government and its policies are carried to the grassroots, and stressed that during the early stage of local government in Nigeria (Gowon) which lasted from 1967-1975 the different state operated different system of local government. In the Northern state, the emirs retained some of their powers and influence because the counselors appointed by the military Governors where traditionally and spiritually expected to defer to the authority of the emirs. The Eastern state and in the Midwest states abandoned the councilor system adopted the French system of decantation. In the west state Governor who had initially posted sole administration of local government areas where forced by the tax revolts of the late 1960s to reintroduce local government participation. Mustapha (2003)local government also become conduct pipe for cooting of national treasury for instance, elite cline of local government Chairman called the â€Å"Association of local government of Nigeria (ALGON) reportedly mandate the maximum military leader to deduct local government funds for the purchase of two Toyota land-cruiser jeeps for all LGA chairman, while the other belong to the police to facilitate effective policy and combat of armed robbery. Harriman (2006) local government is not creatures of state government, but one of the tiers of government of this country. Every effort should be made to allow local government councils to operate with prestige and not as beggar. Therefore, the provision of funds and its disbursement in local government to perform its stated roles. So, importance of sound and effective management of the treasuring of a local government authority cannot be over stressed. Without effective treasuring management, the policies adopted by alocal authority in a great variety of field may not be successfully implemented comprehensive arrangement are therefore in force in all states for exercise of internal and external control over the treasuring of local government authority. But very little and in some cases, virtually no regard has been paid to the need for effective, progressive management of treasuring of local government authority. The management of treasury in the local government should be taken as a tool for controlling the activities of local authority in the country. Without proper and effective management of fund of a local government, the overall affair of the local government will be properly managed, as there will be no constant payment of staff salary, maintenance of law and order, provision of infrastructural facilities and execration of capital project. The treasuring management is a type of control exercise by the management within an organization. It is very important where the size of the organization is high and where the government of a state found it very difficult to have direct contact with the routine operation of the organization. 1. 1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Large scale misappropriation of fund in public offices has now becomes a common practices in the society. And the local government is not exempted. Thus had led to performance in terms of services rendered to the people in spite of this modification there still exist a poor performance which is evidence in the case of the local government. This ineffectively can be traced to some factors of which poor treasuring management is one. So in this study, we will consider what constitute on effective treasury management and also how inefficiency in the treasury can be avoided. 1. 2OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to provide: a)an attempt to closely look at how assessment is the treasury management, roblem and remedies in local government council in relation to the performance of roles and functions of their areas of authority. b)The length of area to which the treasury management process can contribute to the success or otherwise of a local affairs. c)What roles needs to be played by both the top level and lower level management for treasury management process to succeed in local government authority. d)The federal and state government involvement towards the attachment of defectives treasury management in a local government authority. )An overview of treasury management operation in local authorities f)An analysis of best practice and g)A basis for local governments to examine their own procedures to evaluate their performances so that improvements can be introduced where necessary. In view of the importance of treasury management in a local government is enumerated above, it is necessary also to look up into the treasury management procedure and practice employed by modern local government authority in order to accomplish their goals. Accordingly, this study will make an appraisal of the treasury management policy and practices employed by Ado local government concerned with a view of determining: A. To what extent has the proper treasury management helped the local government in performing the specific function of the local government? B. What procedure and techniques are employ by the local government in monitoring the effective treasury management? C. What principles difficulties are been faced by both management and lower level staff in treasury management planning and implementing? D. What condition is necessary in a board government to ensure effective treasury management? E. What (if any) are the probable causes of deviation in the planned and actual operation of treasury management and how they are redressed? F. What roles are being played by the treasurer of a local government in treasury management? 1. 3SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study focuses on treasury management system as a means of promoting proper accountability within an organization with a particular reference to Ado local government. This study will perform test and review the internal control system and the internal check that already exist in the organization. There will be careful study of the operation of the following division. ?Finance/Treasury Division ?Audit Division ?Budget and Planning Division ?Chairman / Sole Administrator 1. 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The outcome of this research work will be useful to the organization under reference because if the recommendation were adopted loopholes and other weakness in the existing internal control system would be exposed. This will urge the management to strengthen or if necessary build a new comprehensive treasury management which would promote proper accountability within an organization. The research work will also serve as a valuable document for students, business executives, middle management staff and other people who wish to consolidate their knowledge on treasury management. The result will also be essential to all government officers who are presently witnessing large scale of misapplication of fund and poor accountability. 1. 5DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION The following are working hypothesis, which would be tested. Null and alternative hypothesis which are usually denoted by Ho and Hi, Ho: a)That well qualified personnel are employed as accounting staff and should be well – motivated in term of salaries and other fringe benefit. b)That proper internal control of the treasury management would improves staff warmth, skill and knowledge. c)That an effective treasury management is capable of executing materials frauds and error and also promotes proper accountability in an organization. d)That effective treasury management will enable the local government affairs its objective and standard. )The effective treasury management promotes effectives management funds. f)That management ensures reliability accounting information and document. In this study, the following questions were asked with a view of finding solution to the operation of the treasury management process. a)How important is treasury as a unit of operation in the performance of local government function and roles. b)What roles mu st treasurer play in the attachment of standard treasury management in the local government? c)What are the contribution of the state and the federal government toward attachment of treasury management standard in all the local government? )What are the causes of proper treasury management failure? e)What are the causes of derivation in planned and actual operation. 1. 6DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Treasurer: he is the head of the treasury department, he manages and control the finance of the local authority. He keeps record of all money received or spent. 2. Auditor: he sees to the check and balance of all financial transaction of the local government. 3. Vote Book: it is use in recording all expenditure and liabilities incurred by the vote controller entrusted with the management of fund of the department. . Petty Cash Book: this is an imprest book, which is kept to meet expenditure of items whose payment voucher cannot be presented immediately. 5. Capital pay office responsible for phy sical cash and cheque payment of wages and salaries, pension and contract. 6. Receiving Cashier: responsible of collection of cash from outsiders who make payment on fines, licenses etc and also revenue granted by revenue collector. 7. Financial Account Unit: involved in preparation of final account as well as other financial statement of local government. How to cite Treasury Report, Papers

Impact and Role in International Marketing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact and Role in International Marketing. Answer: Introduction: The main objective of marketing strategy is to increase the sales and accomplish the sustainable competitive advantages for an organization. It consists of both short and long-term activities in the area of marketing. Pongrass publishing systems are famous in Vietnam for supplying newspapers and magazines to the customers. The respected firm is working in this industry for 25 years. Along with this, products of the Pongrass are classified into the Classified Booking V6 and Classified Pagination. The efficient and effective marketing management strategy will help the respected firm to promote its goods and services among the customers of the nation. In context to this, digital marketing strategy is one of the most suitable strategies which will offer various benefits to the Pongrass publishing system and lead to enhance its sale and profitability (Papadopoulos and Heslop, 2014). Market entry strategies are planned method for delivering products and services to the new target market of the Vietnam along with distributing among them. Pongrass Publishing System can use this strategy for entraining into the new market of the nation. With the help of these plans, the company will achieve enhanced sales, brand awareness, and business stability. These strategies are explained below: Alternative Export Entry Strategies Alternative Export Entry strategies for Pongrass Publishing system are as follows: Direct Exporting of products or services: In this, the company will get the opportunity to sell and deliver its goods or services directly to the customers. Pongrass will negotiate, contract and work directly with the client while using this export strategy. The benefit of this approach is the unavailability of middleman which results to higher return on the investment and lower prices of items. Along with this, the organization will become more competitive while using the strategy for entering into the new target market. Proper use of this approach can develop a healthy and vigorous relationship with the customers of the nation as well. This approach will result to transfer the rights to build another firm at Vietnam along with the new partners (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). Indirect Exports: Irrespective of direct exporting of product strategy, this approach needs intermediate for selling and delivering products to the clients. The export is taking place in indirect form with the help of intermediary like an agent, foreign distributor, trading house, representative, etc. By offering an excellent and attractive price, these intermediates are always available for doing certain kind of work. Final Market Entry Strategy From the above analysis of the two export entry strategies management, it is clear that both have their advantages and limitations. Concerning the Pongrass publishing System, direct exporting of products or services is best entry strategy. This approach will offer the organization a chance to increase its customer base by developing new relations at the new target market of Vietnam. By using this, the company will able to create brand awareness and trust over the people concerning to its services or products (Schilke, Reimann and Thomas, 2013). Competitive Advantage and Market Positioning Evaluation Competitive Advantage Companies work for gaining competitive advantages by producing the goods or services at a lower price. Pongrass will have to understand the buying criteria of people of Vietnam and strategies of competitors for enhancing the sales and profit margin. The organization will use different importance matrix for gaining competitive advantages in the industry. With respect to this model, following areas are necessary to describe: Target Segment: In this, Pongrass Publishing will divide the market of Vietnam into the sections and concentrate on them by offering desired products they needed. The new target segment of the respected firm is newspaper industries of the cited firm. The organization will provide new systems integrated with latest technologies for publishing newspapers fast and efficiently. Individuals working in newspaper sector believe in deploying systems with latest tools and techniques for reducing the time and optimum utilization of resources (Felzensztein, Stringer, Benson-Rea and Freeman, 2014). Target segment evaluation(s) of key competitors: By analyzing the strategies of the competitors, the company will able to influence the target portion of the nation. From the analysis, benefit segmentation will be the best approach for the Pongress products. Market Positioning Options The perception of clients towards a brand or product with respect to the competing brands is called as market position. The process of developing the image or identity of a product for customers is called as market positioning management. For developing an active image of the brand at the new place, companies need to focus on it's distinguishing features. Pongrass Publishing System also needs to use effective market positioning strategy for developing an effective brand image of products and services among the customers of Vietnam. The company will utilize the following process for creating effective positioning strategy: Development of the positioning statement: In this step, Pongrass will have to develop statement having basic and formulaic sentence structure for sending an attractive and useful message to the customers regarding the products. To determine the uniqueness of product: In this, the organization will have to identify a unique feature of the product like latest techniques along with a low price or used quality brand, etc. which can influence clients to purchase items (Katsikeas, 2014). Development of positioning process: After the above step, the company will create process regarding the positioning by emphasizing the competitors, market target, and segments. Pongrass will also use an appropriate approach like positioning within a category, positioning along price lines, positioning according to product benefits, etc. For the respected firm, positioning by price and quality will be the right approach. This will fulfill the needs and want of the clients and tend to increase their satisfaction level. Perceptual Maps: This will include diagrammatic mental representation of individuals regarding the relative place different brands occupy within a category. The company can use any algorithm for developing this map as per its need. This includes cluster analysis, correspondence analysis, conjoint analysis, multidimensional scaling and many others (Pongrass Publishing Systems. 2017). The above steps will help Pongress to give shape to the preference of customers which is one of the primary sources for developing compelling brand image into the market. The appropriate strategy for market positioning will be positioning by price and quality. High-quality products in low price will attract people to purchase them which will lead Pongress to gain competitive advantages. References Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing management. Cengage Learning. Felzensztein, C., Stringer, C., Benson-Rea, M. and Freeman, S., 2014. International marketing strategies in industrial clusters: Insights from the Southern Hemisphere.Journal of Business Research,67(5), pp.837-846. Katsikeas, C.S., 2014. Journal of International Marketing: Objectives, Challenges, and the Way Forward.Journal of International Marketing,22(1), pp.1-4. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Schilke, O., Reimann, M., and Thomas, J.S., 2013, May. When does international marketing standardization matter to firm performance?. American Marketing Association. Pongrass Publishing Systems. 2017. [Online]. Available Through: https://www.pongrass.net/. [Accessed on 4th October 2017]