Greek and Roman Architecture essay example Example For Students

Greek and Roman Architecture article model Greek and Roman both offer similitudes, however have various qualities and utilize diverse development types. Greek design utilized Post and-Lintel development, while Roman development ruled in curves, arches and vaults. Post and-Lintel development is obvious in the structures that make up the Acropolis in Greece, including the Pantheon and the Temple of Hear, which utilized drums to make sections or lines of segments that pre-owned fluting and tightening to cause the segments to appear to entirely vertical. This likewise invigorated solidness and burden bearing, and Involves, or tightening that makes the base of the columns greater than the top. Likewise, the Greeks were additionally known for expanding on acropolises, making the structure site noticeable from the entire city, however made this the point of convergence of the city too. Roman design likewise utilizes columns, however they are progressively known for their curves, arches and vaults. For instance, the Coliseum in Rome utilizes a progression of vaults for more grounded development; this can likewise be found in the Pont du Agar Aims, France. The domed development permits stacking building material higher, with included quality, without including supporting development. The quality of the Roman curves is from the utilization of guests, or wedge pieces that total the curve, and cornerstones. The Romans likewise utilized barrel vaults and groined vaults, permitting them to construct long and huge passages that are totally secured and incredibly solid, which is additionally found in the engineering in the arrangement and the Pantheon in Rome. Notwithstanding idealizing the vault

Views of Christianity and Islam Towards Trade

Christianity and Islam are two of the most rehearsed religions on the planet, and have been for a considerable length of time. These two beliefs are both monotheistic, which implies they adore one God, or Allah. Begun once again 2000 years back, Christianity depends on the lessons and life of Jesus Christ and was spread all through the Roman Empire. The religion of Islam started right off the bat in 600 C. E. by the prophet Muhammad, and he spread the news of Allah. These religions spread rapidly in Europe and the Middle East. As they advanced, new exchanging courses came to fruition in these areas.Overtime, Christianity and Islam created feelings about the exchanging and organizations action and the individuals who sought after it. As indicated by the religion’s blessed books, the Bible and Qur’an, their perspectives on exchange were diverse from the start. Christians accepted that individuals ought not exchange; for it was not the quest for man. Muslims were significa ntly more open minded of exchange, as long as vendors were straightforward in their dealing. By 1000 C. E, both the religions’ mentalities towards exchange had changed totally. Christian researchers started to train that legit exchange was adequate, while Muslim researchers saw the threat that exchange brought to a man’s soul.By the fifteenth century, mentalities towards exchange had much progressively radical change indeed. Christianity embraced that exchange was energized and commendable, while Muslims accepted dealers were degenerate. At the point when the two religions initially started, Christianity and Islam varied from the start on their perspectives concerning exchange. As expressed in the Christian Bible, it is practically outlandish for a rich man to enter the realm of God (record 1). For Christians, from the outset they needed to carry on with an unassuming existence without making any profits.Its said that it was simpler for a camel to experience the apertu re of a needle, than for a rich man to go into the realm of God. With respect to Muslims this contrasted in light of the fact that in the Qur’an, men were permitted to exchange as long as they were straightforward; said in record 2. â€Å"If the two gatherings talk reality and make it show, their exchange will be honored, and in the event that they hide and tell and falsehood, the gift of their exchange will be devastated. † This implies in the event that two individuals exchange reasonably among one another without cheating, at that point nothing isn't right as indicated by the Islam beliefs.If one of the men are cheated, at that point their business will be cleared out. The purpose of report 1 was that Jesus was a poor man, in this way his adherents satisfied being poor too. At the point when Christianity began, Christians accepted that so as to go to paradise, they should carry on with a poor and humble life, similar to Jesus did. A similar rationale applies for Mus lims in report 2, who’s originator Muhammed was an affluent shipper. In report two, the creator is supporting traders and saying that they will be acknowledged by Allah as long as they are truthful.Muslims firmly accepted that it was alright to be a well off shipper as long you are straightforward, as Muhammed. Along these lines, the two religions were from the start diverse in light of the fact that Christianity had negative perspectives toward exchange while Islam was for it; and they were indistinguishable in light of the fact that the purpose behind their perspectives both followed back to their authors. In archives four and five, the view purposes of Christians and Muslims toward exchange started to change. Christians, who were from the start against exchange and getting well off from it, presently state that it is alright to exchange as long as you are honest.Stated in archive four, â€Å"No man should offer a thing to another man for more than its value. † This is stating that for men to work with each other, they should not sell things for more than they are worth, or as it were trick one another. While Christian researchers are getting more permissive towards exchange than they were the point at which the religion began, Islamic researchers are getting increasingly exacting. Muslims currently accept that selling things for a benefit, regardless of whether it is straightforward, is definitely influencing the spirit. â€Å"These characteristics lead to a lessening and debilitating in ideals and manliness,† (archive five).The Islam look on exchange presently observes that the strategies that exchange utilizes are stunts planned for making a benefit by making sure about the contrast among purchasing and selling costs. The two religions, nonetheless, are still to some degree comparative since the two of them accept that exchanging for enormous benefits can in the end lead to defilement of the spirit. Perspectives on exchange by Christi ans and Muslims yet kept on changing much further in archives six and seven. It appears in record six as though Christians were being urged to exchange as long as it included God.Religious works of art of Our Lady were being requested, along these lines Christians currently need individuals to exchange. Additionally in record six it is expressed that, â€Å"You realize God has conceded you to secure extraordinary wealth in this world, may He be lauded. † It is currently expected for Christian vendors to exchange and use God at the same time. Additional time you can see the change on the perspectives on exchange, in light of the fact that from the start Christians didn't need anybody making an enormous benefit. With respect to Muslims, dealers are loosing cash from exchanging. In archive seven, Sakaoglu Nasuh is a case of how after some time the trade movement has influenced his moral traditions. The previously mentioned has now acted in opposition to the old custom. † T his is on the grounds that he is purchasing all the cotton yarn and selling them at greater expenses. Subsequently, not giving different shippers a reasonable chance to purchase and sell the cotton too. This is conflicting with what the Islam religion accepted, which is business exercises are worthy as long as you are not exploiting others. The Islamic Court likely said this is report seven since they needed to satisfy the individuals and let them realize that dealers must obey.The two religions keep on varying in these archives since Christians are currently convincing individuals to exchange, while Islam exchanging is turning out to be consumed. Be that as it may, Christianity and Islam are still indistinguishable in which the two of them use religion for instance. The perspectives of Christianity and Islam towards exchange and shippers contrasted. At the point when the two religions initially started, they had inverse perspectives from one another. Christians considered exchange to be riches as being a long way from God and it was not endorsed. Muslims, then again, endured exchange as long as the two gatherings were straightforward and nobody was exploited of.Later on, these perspectives changed when Christians turned out to be increasingly tolerant and furthermore acknowledged genuine exchange. Muslims at that point considered exchange to be unavoidably influencing the spirit when traders got degenerate by outbidding different shippers. Be that as it may, we would require extra records, for example, reports from the average folks so as to asses the results of the vendor exercises. We don't have the foggiest idea how the Christians’ or Muslims’ average people saw the exchanging business, in this way, we can't completely see all parts of the religions towards it.

Overcoming Obstacles

Overcoming Obstacles Overcoming Obstacles Home›Consideration Posts›Overcoming Obstacles Consideration PostsEvery living person has the major purpose of being successful in whatever they do. These simply mean that success is part of the human nature and everybody strives through all the possible means to achieve it (Badegruber, 2005). The achievement of success is however not an easy task to come by following the many challenges which people are exposed to in life. Notably, the lives which people live never present the ideal situations which a person may need for success. These calls for each and every person who is success oriented to be able to have and employ life skills which are very pertinent in the navigation between the many obstacles which the life is faced with.In reality, it is important to note that for success to be ensued, and then personal initiative is a very important factor to consider (Volkman, 2005). The personal attributes which influences the level of success comes in two major ways. To some people, they are the greatest stumbling block to their success and to some; they are the agents’ f motivations to their own success. This leads to the situation where the phrase “I have never known a greater miracle or a monster, than myself” do apply. In many a cases, each and every person has the capacity to chart out the way forward which they are to follow to achieve the required success which the person requires.The way in which people handle the challenges which are presented before them are very important in the management and the overcoming of the challenges. This makes people to be divided into two major groups, the pessimists and the optimist groups. It is important to note that when presented with the same obstacle in the same situation, the optimist would not be able to give up and will be in the constant look out to find the best ways possible to solve the problem (Bond, 1998). The optimist will always try to mentally conceptualize the possible ways in which the obstacle can be overcome through the constant trial of various methods and approaches.On the other hand, the pessimists would react differently when presented with the same situation (Bond, 1998). The pessimists are the Nay Sayers who see the end of everything right from their beginnings. They then go on pilling numerous excuses for why the situation could be solved. They then take very less effort to solve the problems which confront them in their lives. Notably, the moment one quits the trial for the search of the possible ways to solve the problem gives the pessimist a null option of overcoming the obstacle.  These two approaches to a similar challenge reveals that the kinds of effort which a person invests in their bid to solve problems are very important in the overcoming of the life obstacles presented (Bond, 1998).The fact presented here is that for the success of an individual, the initiative of the individual is very important. For the person who would like to advance in life by overcoming the ever menacing life challenges, then the personal efforts are very important (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts, 2009). The personal initiative involves first of all recognizing the strengths and the weaknesses of the person concerned. For the success to be initiated, then the person concerned must be able to cross their boundaries which limit the person to achieve the success required. The person must therefore be in a position to overcome their arrogance, ignorance and the pride which they may posses. Then they take the necessary actions of growth to achieve the laid down growth goals (Badegruber, 2005).In the process of overcoming the life obstacles, it is important to note that “force does not create any right”. In the event that a life challenge or obstacle presents itself to the people, then it would be important to note that using force can never solve the menacing problems. Problems should be solve d by the careful analysis of the situations surrounding the problems. A careful analysis is consequently made in terms of the generation of all the possible solutions to the problems (Bond, 1998). Logicality and critically, the best option is then taken and implemented in the attempt to solve the problem. All along, strategies and control measures are then put in place to ensure that the variations and the deviations of the planned policies are closely monitored for the taking of any corrective issues. Such a pragmatic process of problem solving would ensure that the person is well equipped enough to tackle the life challenges.In contrast, many people resort to force in an attempt to solve the life challenges. Many people take the easy option of short cuts in solving the life challenges and the life obstacles. In an event that a hard life problem faces such people, they look for ways to ‘switch off’ their minds and rather postpone the problem until some other time in the future. The ‘switch off’ type of people use such agents like drugs more so alcohol to join the utopia and unrealistic world where they no longer think of the same problems which they cannot solve in their lives (Bond, 1998). Once they have taken the illicit, they tend to be more aggressive and become very violent whenever they are reminded of their problems (Badegruber, 2005). Such people are the ones who can be called the escapists who use drugs and violence as a way of escaping from the reality and postpone their problems until some other time when they feel more prepared to take on the problems.It is however important to remember that the use of force does not solve any problem in the whole process of overcoming the obstacles. Escaping from the reality by the appeal to force where one knows that they are on the wrong but because of the authority and power vested on them, they go round intimidating people to drop the problems (Volkman, 2005). This does not actually offer any solution at all the problem. These in most cases only lead to the creation of more problems in case the subjects fail to be intimidated and thus resort to counter the intimidation with some other form of mass action. This same scenario is very common in among the political elites who then feel that once they are in power, then they are destined to be in power for the rest of their lives. They thus do not respect the constitutions in their countries and go round deviating and ignoring the constitutions to remain in power through forceful means. Appeal to force thus only aggravates the problem or only suspends the problem but cannot be used as the sole method to the problem solving process.The use of force as a strategy towards solving of conflicts is very common among the bad political leaders. The bad political leaders are the ones who use excessive force in the advancement and the administration of their policies. Bad leaders ensure that they use the existing military powers at their dispo sal to silences any force which might come up to oppose their evil rule of the thumb. In cases where the oppressed are united enough and revolt against such leaders through the social force and search for the justice, then it would lead to even further detrimental effects which would thus lead to more deaths. At the end of the day however, such poor leaders must be brought to book and must pay for the sins of crime which the committed against humanity.For an effective overcoming of the life obstacles, it is far safer to hate than to be love, and it is equally far better to be hated than to be loved. The point here involves the development of the points of comfort and the points of discomfort in the development of the life planed aimed towards solving the life obstacles (Volkman, 2005). If there is love for a given concept or person, then there is comfort. And in places where there is comfort, there are no obstacles or necessities. Going by the old adage that necessity is the mother of all inventions, and then it would mean that the one who is in the comfort zone of being loved and who can be able to show love lack the necessity. They would therefore not strive at all to undertake any effort to improve and overcome any life obstacle which may be manifest in their lives.For a successful life planning and projections for the effective management of the life obstacles, it would be prudent that the person concerned not to show love at all and should not be loved. Hate springs the person concerned into actions. The actions which are advanced by those who hate the situations where they are involved in explore the possible options available to help in the alleviation of the unpleasant conditions. During the process, the person gets to come into contact with the life challenges and the life obstacles (Volkman, 2005). The efforts which the person employs with the aim of alleviating the problem thus lead to the person acquiring the practical life skills which are very im portant in solving any life obstacle which may come by. These mean that being loved and loving which are the conditions of comfort are very detrimental to the growth of the person and equipping of the person towards the personal positioning to the life goals.In of leadership, there are different types of leaders who approach the concept of fear and love differently. Some leaders use a lot of force to intimidate their followers into respecting them and thus attempting to maintain their leadership positions. On the other hand, some leaders use then power of love to ensure that all their subjects give them the utmost respect. When fear is used into instilling discipline and respect, then it leads to hate of the leaders by the subjects (Badegruber, 2005). A leader who is hated by the subjects is in the verge of being toppled. They stands a risk  and have high chances of failure as the subjects would be looking for the most appropriate ways to ensure the down fall of the hated leader. S uch a leader should therefore be very keen in ensuring that all is well on his part of the subjects and in doing so, he can still become a successful leader.On the other hand, being a loving leader does not mean that a person is assuring of automatic success. The fact that the leader is lived by the other equally posses a challenge to the leader s there are some people who may not be pleased with such leadership.Action without the clear thought can never ripen into truth is just another point which the person oriented to the achievement of success is able to take note of and internalize. It simply mean that for any truth to be ascertained and any goal achieved, then the actions of the people concerned must be well harnessed and well channeled to the right directions of well thought out end goals (Badegruber, 2005). The provisions of the actions without a well planned and prior planned goals would mean a total disaster join the outcome. This is because such actions may become irrelev ant. In the situations where they become irrelevant, then the continued practice of the unplanned actions would mean that there is the widening edge of the planned and irrelevant achieved goals. This is not only very costly in term of time and money resources but is also embarrassing and disgusting.In addition, it is important to note that each generation must discover its mission, and to fulfill it or betray it, in relative must identify the reason why they are living opacity. The fact presented here is that each and every generation with the people concerned why they are living. People must be purpose driven so as to achieve the life obstacles and make them the stepping stones to the achievement. People who are purpose driven in life know how to tackle the life challenges more than their counterparts who are not purpose driven. Being purpose driven thus ensures that the person lives an objective oriented life which is open and well planned out. (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts 2009)In other circumstances, the generation which have no purpose drive in life or who cannot identify their purpose in life are not able to bring about any meaningful changes in the quality of life teeth they live. It is surely important to remember that a generation is a collection of people, and within the generation, individual input is very important and should be held with high esteem. The individual input would help the person achieve the outlined goals in life and thus marking the personal objectives to the obstacles removal in their lives (Volkman, 2005).Finally, it is important to realize and take note that everything can be explained to the people, on the single condition that you want them to understand. People will always understand what is told to them at once if they are well, prepared to learn.   The fact that people are always informed of the pertinent issues when they are least prepared makes them lose interest in what they ar e being told and thus end up not understanding the concept fully (Badegruber, 2005). When people are informed of the right materials the right time, they get prepared to learn and acquire life skills to counter the life obstacles. When the content materials are well understood, then the person will be more equipped to face the life obstacles. They would be more confident to tackle the life obstacles using the most appropriate methods which also help in the advancement of life skills to the persons.ConclusionThe life obstacles are there to stay with the human beings. They are the challenges which the people must be able to overcome in order to live a meaningful life after the achievement if the life success. Though many people find it difficult top fact life squarely, they are destined to make the decisions. Moreover, the pessimist who shy away from the life decision making choices always find it hard to succeed in life.

The Writings of John Donne - 1184 Words

The 17th century opened with a generation of great social change which culminated in the eventual execution of King Charles I in 1649. This created an atmosphere of conflict that permeates much of the literature of the period. The writings of John Donne are rife with this conflict, reflecting in their content a view of love and women radically and cynically altered from that which preceding generations of poets had handed down. nbsp; John Donnes view of love deviated greatly from the Medieval philosophy of courtly love, which had been expressed in poetry handed down from the sonnets of such poetic giants as Sidney and Petrarch. The general verse until then had focused greatly on the unrivalled importance of love in the context†¦show more content†¦This demystification continues in Donnes Song, a poem explaining how there is not anywhere in existence a beautiful woman who will remain faithful. And swear/No where/Lives a woman true, and fair. (l. 16-18) This inconsistent nature attributed to females is hardly complimentary, but it is certainly a vast change from the cold indifference of Petrarchs idyllic mistress. nbsp; In still another twist on poetic description of social norms, The Undertaking presents as a brave (to the point of heroic) deed his relationship with a woman based on the virtue in her heart- and then the hiding of that relationship to avoid scorn. He presents the woman very nearly as an equal, which is a strange concept when contrasted with more of Donnes verse. nbsp; If, as I have, you also do Virtue attired in woman see, And dare love that, and say so too, And forget the He and She; (ll. 17-20) nbsp; In the rest of the poem, Donne states that this exercise (relating with a woman based on her virtue) is useless, as it is almost impossible to find such a woman with virtuous heart (ll. 5-12), thus fulfilling his apparent anti-feminist beliefs. Still, the peculiarities of this poem should be viewed for all they are worth, as they are particularly reflective of the change in the view of women. nbsp; In the phrase forget the He and She, Donne expresses a sort ofShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Outweighing By John Donne And Shakespeare On The Writing Of The Period2782 Words   |  12 Pagesto thighs? (Donne, ‘Sappho to Philaenis’) Write an essay on the treatment of homoeroticism in the writing of the period. The treatment of homoeroticism is explored through the influential writings of both John Donne and Shakespeare in the Renaissance Era. Similarly, the voice of both present a scornful dismissal of the opposite sex in order to defy the typical conventions of heterosexuality. Whilst Donne explores lesbianism in his poem ‘Sappho to Philaenis’Read MoreEssay on Writing Style of Holy Sonnet 10 by John Donne510 Words   |  3 PagesWriting Style of Holy Sonnet 10 by John Donne John Donne’s diction, detail, point of view, metaphysical format, and tone used in â€Å"Holy Sonnet 10† convey both a feeling of cynical and domination, and also a sense of mockery of death. The effects on the reader include assurance and confidence in facing death. The author’s diction makes the reader feel that death ca be defeated. For example, death has been called â€Å"mighty and dreadful† but the author shows that it is not more than a â€Å"short sleep†Read MoreJohn Donne: An Influential English Poet957 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Donne, one of the greatest English poets and preachers of the 1600’s, greatly impacted the writing field through his works. In the first half of 1572 (actual date is unknown) he was born in London to John Donne, a merchant, and Elizabeth Heywood Donne, the daughter of the poet and playwright John Heywood. His father died when Donne was about four years old. His younger brother, Henry, also died in John Donne’s early life. John Donne was raised in a Catholic family. Both of his parents wereRead MoreAnalysis Of Meditation 17 By John Donne1053 Words   |  5 PagesMeditation 17 is a poem by John Donne that reveals his thoughts and beliefs on the world altogether. We see a lo t of religion cited in this poem and then we also see a kind of dark side of that which would be death. In this poem, John Donne elevates this poem by the way he structures it as well as the language and situation. The language is so important to understand because it can convey a message that is deeper than just the words. We see a lot of words that very common in this poem however,Read MoreThe Flea By John Donne1558 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Flea† Essay â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne when looked at briefly is simply a poem about a man trying to seduce a woman into participating in pre-material sexual relationship with him. However, â€Å"The Flea† constructs many more important arguments than simply that one. The poem touches on religion, love, and sex in a non-romanticized way, contrasting the normal glamorized stance seen in most of poetry. Most of John Donne’s poems have either romantic themes or religious themes; â€Å"The Flea† has both. ItRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry of John Donne1441 Words   |  6 PagesKirsten Furnish AP Literature Mrs. Hendricks November 1, 2012 Literary Analysis of John Donne This examination of John Donne’s metaphysical poetry includes analysis of Donne’s use of topic, structure, scansion, style and theme. John Donne is known as one of the best writers of metaphysical poetry, a genre of poetry that is characterized specifically by themes of knowledge, intellect, and having a somewhat unrecognizable meter or rhyme. Metaphysical poetry forsakes pure and genial nature of otherRead MoreAnalysis Of A Valediction Forbidding Mourning 1108 Words   |  5 Pagespoem, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne employs conceit, symbolism, and tone to poetically paint a picture of the true love that exist between a man and his wife. John Donne was born on January22, 1572 to a Catholic family in England. (John Donne Biography) In his twenties Donne spent a lot of money on women, books and traveling. ( John Donne Biography) In 1601 Donne became a member of Parliament and married Anne More. ( John Donne Biography) Neither of the families approvedRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud1025 Words   |  5 PagesCOURSE # AND TITLE: ENGL 102-D11: Literature and Composition SEMESTER OF ENROLLMENT: Spring 2013 NAME: Greg Mohnkern ID: L23191458 WRITING STYLE USED: Essay of poetry (MLA style) Thesis Statement: â€Å"Death be not proud† by John Donne personifies death, as its title aptly prescribes. Giving death human traits allows the writer to blast him with colorful images full of sarcasm and a tone of defiance. The ultimate message of the author provokes the human soul to resist the fear ofRead More John Donnes Use of Wit Language and Metaphor in Poetry Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Donnes Use of Wit Language and Metaphor in Poetry As discussed on a previous short essay question, John Donne is considered to be one of the greatest metaphysical poets of our time, even though he published only a small number of poems in his lifetime. The poems he did write were metaphorical and often humorus poems telling the tale of religious love and sex. Being a metaphysical poet he exhibited many characteristics of the metaphysical poets. He wrote with metaphysical wit, metaphysicalRead More John Donnes The Holy Sonnets Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Donnes The Holy Sonnets By making many references to the Bible, John Donnes Holy Sonnets reveal his want to be accepted and forgiven by God. A fear of death without Gods forgiveness of sins is conveyed in these sonnets. Donne expresses extreme anxiety and fright that Satan has taken over his soul and God wont forgive him for it or his sins. A central theme of healing and forgiveness imply that John Donne, however much he wrote about God and being holy, wasnt such a holy man all of

Women And Women s Rights - 1176 Words

Inequality It’s incredible how every country in this world has different customs and beliefs towards gender roles. In the United States, women began to fight for their freedom through the Women’s Right Movement in the 19th century. Through many obstacles and suffering, they accomplished voting rights, equal pay, reproductive rights, the right to run for political office, and much more. Sadly, not everyone believes that women should have equal rights as men. In the rural areas of India, due to the massive amount of population, poverty is extremely high which is affecting many people negatively, especially the women and young girls. The community is expressing Anti-female biased by committing violent acts against the women, giving then†¦show more content†¦I am amazed at the fact that even though it is a tradition in India for women to serve men, a couple shown in the documentary work together and equally, which challenges society norms. Normally, it is difficult for village Indian woman to talk about sexual subjects due to the culture norms, such as, not being able to leave the house and covering their full body because they believe it is sacred, however, this have and will change. Gender inequality is expressed in India where women and girls do not have equal access to information and resources as men do. Throughout the documentary, I observed a great amount of inequality and discrimination based on gender and gender roles. Indian women and young girls are sadly mistreated, and neglected. For instance, young girls are forced to do manual labor as their bones are still forming, which is one of the causes of why Indian females have more fractures and severe back pain then males. Another reason why Indian women are abused is due to the massive amount of population causing criminal acts towards them to avoid human reproduction. Traditions and social norms remain extremely powerful in India, due to male dominance which empowers all. My perspective, based on this film would be conflict theory, which is a macro analytical view, as it looks at society as a competition for limited resources. One example shown in the video was when village women were not able to speak to male

Treasury Report Free Essays

{TOPIC} AN ASSESSMENT OF TREASURY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BASED ON ITS REVENUE. BY: NAME: ONIFADE AYOMIDE OLUWATOBA MATRIC NO: 09/SMS02/015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT THAT IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING FACULTY OF AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. We will write a custom essay sample on Treasury Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now SC) HONS IN ACCOUNTING. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the study CHAPTER TWO 2. 0Literature Review CHAPTER THREE 3. 0Research Methodology CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0Data Presentation and analysis CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0Summary 5. 1Conclusion. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Local government in any nation like Nigeria is an entity through which government and its policies are carried to the grass root. The government body of such an entity is selected or otherwise locally selected. It constitutes an integral party of a country overall political structure. The creation of local government is made by the law of the state government with intention of bringing government to the people. It is clearly understand that even if the machinery of the state government stops franchising law and order will still prevail, if local council in Nigeria continues to exist. According to Okoli (1998) local government exist to fell the gasp which the national government is to remote to fell, it bring the national government closer to the people and make its impact feet in all the nooks and cronies of the society. By implication the national government through thus medium caters for the grassroots. Local government plays vital roles in the development of the country. It can also be maintained that should local government machinery ground to a half, there is bound to be chosen and confusion. They are the overall of authority and it is through them that the provision of all facilities and services aimed at giving the people higher standard of living and maintenance of law and order can be made. Accordingly attempts have been made at different stages of the country political life to modify the local administrative system and to make them perform their role and function. But in spite of these efforts, the local government authorities continue to exhibit evidences of poor performance. Thus had led to the federal government affairs and eventual entrenchment of the system in the country’s constitution. According to Gbenga (2001) local government can be defined as the process through which government and its policies are carried to the grassroots, and stressed that during the early stage of local government in Nigeria (Gowon) which lasted from 1967-1975 the different state operated different system of local government. In the Northern state, the emirs retained some of their powers and influence because the counselors appointed by the military Governors where traditionally and spiritually expected to defer to the authority of the emirs. The Eastern state and in the Midwest states abandoned the councilor system adopted the French system of decantation. In the west state Governor who had initially posted sole administration of local government areas where forced by the tax revolts of the late 1960s to reintroduce local government participation. Mustapha (2003)local government also become conduct pipe for cooting of national treasury for instance, elite cline of local government Chairman called the â€Å"Association of local government of Nigeria (ALGON) reportedly mandate the maximum military leader to deduct local government funds for the purchase of two Toyota land-cruiser jeeps for all LGA chairman, while the other belong to the police to facilitate effective policy and combat of armed robbery. Harriman (2006) local government is not creatures of state government, but one of the tiers of government of this country. Every effort should be made to allow local government councils to operate with prestige and not as beggar. Therefore, the provision of funds and its disbursement in local government to perform its stated roles. So, importance of sound and effective management of the treasuring of a local government authority cannot be over stressed. Without effective treasuring management, the policies adopted by alocal authority in a great variety of field may not be successfully implemented comprehensive arrangement are therefore in force in all states for exercise of internal and external control over the treasuring of local government authority. But very little and in some cases, virtually no regard has been paid to the need for effective, progressive management of treasuring of local government authority. The management of treasury in the local government should be taken as a tool for controlling the activities of local authority in the country. Without proper and effective management of fund of a local government, the overall affair of the local government will be properly managed, as there will be no constant payment of staff salary, maintenance of law and order, provision of infrastructural facilities and execration of capital project. The treasuring management is a type of control exercise by the management within an organization. It is very important where the size of the organization is high and where the government of a state found it very difficult to have direct contact with the routine operation of the organization. 1. 1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Large scale misappropriation of fund in public offices has now becomes a common practices in the society. And the local government is not exempted. Thus had led to performance in terms of services rendered to the people in spite of this modification there still exist a poor performance which is evidence in the case of the local government. This ineffectively can be traced to some factors of which poor treasuring management is one. So in this study, we will consider what constitute on effective treasury management and also how inefficiency in the treasury can be avoided. 1. 2OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to provide: a)an attempt to closely look at how assessment is the treasury management, roblem and remedies in local government council in relation to the performance of roles and functions of their areas of authority. b)The length of area to which the treasury management process can contribute to the success or otherwise of a local affairs. c)What roles needs to be played by both the top level and lower level management for treasury management process to succeed in local government authority. d)The federal and state government involvement towards the attachment of defectives treasury management in a local government authority. )An overview of treasury management operation in local authorities f)An analysis of best practice and g)A basis for local governments to examine their own procedures to evaluate their performances so that improvements can be introduced where necessary. In view of the importance of treasury management in a local government is enumerated above, it is necessary also to look up into the treasury management procedure and practice employed by modern local government authority in order to accomplish their goals. Accordingly, this study will make an appraisal of the treasury management policy and practices employed by Ado local government concerned with a view of determining: A. To what extent has the proper treasury management helped the local government in performing the specific function of the local government? B. What procedure and techniques are employ by the local government in monitoring the effective treasury management? C. What principles difficulties are been faced by both management and lower level staff in treasury management planning and implementing? D. What condition is necessary in a board government to ensure effective treasury management? E. What (if any) are the probable causes of deviation in the planned and actual operation of treasury management and how they are redressed? F. What roles are being played by the treasurer of a local government in treasury management? 1. 3SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study focuses on treasury management system as a means of promoting proper accountability within an organization with a particular reference to Ado local government. This study will perform test and review the internal control system and the internal check that already exist in the organization. There will be careful study of the operation of the following division. ?Finance/Treasury Division ?Audit Division ?Budget and Planning Division ?Chairman / Sole Administrator 1. 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The outcome of this research work will be useful to the organization under reference because if the recommendation were adopted loopholes and other weakness in the existing internal control system would be exposed. This will urge the management to strengthen or if necessary build a new comprehensive treasury management which would promote proper accountability within an organization. The research work will also serve as a valuable document for students, business executives, middle management staff and other people who wish to consolidate their knowledge on treasury management. The result will also be essential to all government officers who are presently witnessing large scale of misapplication of fund and poor accountability. 1. 5DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION The following are working hypothesis, which would be tested. Null and alternative hypothesis which are usually denoted by Ho and Hi, Ho: a)That well qualified personnel are employed as accounting staff and should be well – motivated in term of salaries and other fringe benefit. b)That proper internal control of the treasury management would improves staff warmth, skill and knowledge. c)That an effective treasury management is capable of executing materials frauds and error and also promotes proper accountability in an organization. d)That effective treasury management will enable the local government affairs its objective and standard. )The effective treasury management promotes effectives management funds. f)That management ensures reliability accounting information and document. In this study, the following questions were asked with a view of finding solution to the operation of the treasury management process. a)How important is treasury as a unit of operation in the performance of local government function and roles. b)What roles mu st treasurer play in the attachment of standard treasury management in the local government? c)What are the contribution of the state and the federal government toward attachment of treasury management standard in all the local government? )What are the causes of proper treasury management failure? e)What are the causes of derivation in planned and actual operation. 1. 6DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Treasurer: he is the head of the treasury department, he manages and control the finance of the local authority. He keeps record of all money received or spent. 2. Auditor: he sees to the check and balance of all financial transaction of the local government. 3. Vote Book: it is use in recording all expenditure and liabilities incurred by the vote controller entrusted with the management of fund of the department. . Petty Cash Book: this is an imprest book, which is kept to meet expenditure of items whose payment voucher cannot be presented immediately. 5. Capital pay office responsible for phy sical cash and cheque payment of wages and salaries, pension and contract. 6. Receiving Cashier: responsible of collection of cash from outsiders who make payment on fines, licenses etc and also revenue granted by revenue collector. 7. Financial Account Unit: involved in preparation of final account as well as other financial statement of local government. How to cite Treasury Report, Papers

Impact and Role in International Marketing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact and Role in International Marketing. Answer: Introduction: The main objective of marketing strategy is to increase the sales and accomplish the sustainable competitive advantages for an organization. It consists of both short and long-term activities in the area of marketing. Pongrass publishing systems are famous in Vietnam for supplying newspapers and magazines to the customers. The respected firm is working in this industry for 25 years. Along with this, products of the Pongrass are classified into the Classified Booking V6 and Classified Pagination. The efficient and effective marketing management strategy will help the respected firm to promote its goods and services among the customers of the nation. In context to this, digital marketing strategy is one of the most suitable strategies which will offer various benefits to the Pongrass publishing system and lead to enhance its sale and profitability (Papadopoulos and Heslop, 2014). Market entry strategies are planned method for delivering products and services to the new target market of the Vietnam along with distributing among them. Pongrass Publishing System can use this strategy for entraining into the new market of the nation. With the help of these plans, the company will achieve enhanced sales, brand awareness, and business stability. These strategies are explained below: Alternative Export Entry Strategies Alternative Export Entry strategies for Pongrass Publishing system are as follows: Direct Exporting of products or services: In this, the company will get the opportunity to sell and deliver its goods or services directly to the customers. Pongrass will negotiate, contract and work directly with the client while using this export strategy. The benefit of this approach is the unavailability of middleman which results to higher return on the investment and lower prices of items. Along with this, the organization will become more competitive while using the strategy for entering into the new target market. Proper use of this approach can develop a healthy and vigorous relationship with the customers of the nation as well. This approach will result to transfer the rights to build another firm at Vietnam along with the new partners (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). Indirect Exports: Irrespective of direct exporting of product strategy, this approach needs intermediate for selling and delivering products to the clients. The export is taking place in indirect form with the help of intermediary like an agent, foreign distributor, trading house, representative, etc. By offering an excellent and attractive price, these intermediates are always available for doing certain kind of work. Final Market Entry Strategy From the above analysis of the two export entry strategies management, it is clear that both have their advantages and limitations. Concerning the Pongrass publishing System, direct exporting of products or services is best entry strategy. This approach will offer the organization a chance to increase its customer base by developing new relations at the new target market of Vietnam. By using this, the company will able to create brand awareness and trust over the people concerning to its services or products (Schilke, Reimann and Thomas, 2013). Competitive Advantage and Market Positioning Evaluation Competitive Advantage Companies work for gaining competitive advantages by producing the goods or services at a lower price. Pongrass will have to understand the buying criteria of people of Vietnam and strategies of competitors for enhancing the sales and profit margin. The organization will use different importance matrix for gaining competitive advantages in the industry. With respect to this model, following areas are necessary to describe: Target Segment: In this, Pongrass Publishing will divide the market of Vietnam into the sections and concentrate on them by offering desired products they needed. The new target segment of the respected firm is newspaper industries of the cited firm. The organization will provide new systems integrated with latest technologies for publishing newspapers fast and efficiently. Individuals working in newspaper sector believe in deploying systems with latest tools and techniques for reducing the time and optimum utilization of resources (Felzensztein, Stringer, Benson-Rea and Freeman, 2014). Target segment evaluation(s) of key competitors: By analyzing the strategies of the competitors, the company will able to influence the target portion of the nation. From the analysis, benefit segmentation will be the best approach for the Pongress products. Market Positioning Options The perception of clients towards a brand or product with respect to the competing brands is called as market position. The process of developing the image or identity of a product for customers is called as market positioning management. For developing an active image of the brand at the new place, companies need to focus on it's distinguishing features. Pongrass Publishing System also needs to use effective market positioning strategy for developing an effective brand image of products and services among the customers of Vietnam. The company will utilize the following process for creating effective positioning strategy: Development of the positioning statement: In this step, Pongrass will have to develop statement having basic and formulaic sentence structure for sending an attractive and useful message to the customers regarding the products. To determine the uniqueness of product: In this, the organization will have to identify a unique feature of the product like latest techniques along with a low price or used quality brand, etc. which can influence clients to purchase items (Katsikeas, 2014). Development of positioning process: After the above step, the company will create process regarding the positioning by emphasizing the competitors, market target, and segments. Pongrass will also use an appropriate approach like positioning within a category, positioning along price lines, positioning according to product benefits, etc. For the respected firm, positioning by price and quality will be the right approach. This will fulfill the needs and want of the clients and tend to increase their satisfaction level. Perceptual Maps: This will include diagrammatic mental representation of individuals regarding the relative place different brands occupy within a category. The company can use any algorithm for developing this map as per its need. This includes cluster analysis, correspondence analysis, conjoint analysis, multidimensional scaling and many others (Pongrass Publishing Systems. 2017). The above steps will help Pongress to give shape to the preference of customers which is one of the primary sources for developing compelling brand image into the market. The appropriate strategy for market positioning will be positioning by price and quality. High-quality products in low price will attract people to purchase them which will lead Pongress to gain competitive advantages. References Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing management. Cengage Learning. Felzensztein, C., Stringer, C., Benson-Rea, M. and Freeman, S., 2014. International marketing strategies in industrial clusters: Insights from the Southern Hemisphere.Journal of Business Research,67(5), pp.837-846. Katsikeas, C.S., 2014. Journal of International Marketing: Objectives, Challenges, and the Way Forward.Journal of International Marketing,22(1), pp.1-4. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Schilke, O., Reimann, M., and Thomas, J.S., 2013, May. When does international marketing standardization matter to firm performance?. American Marketing Association. Pongrass Publishing Systems. 2017. [Online]. Available Through: https://www.pongrass.net/. [Accessed on 4th October 2017]

“That All Things Are Directed to One End, Which is God” by St. Thomas Aquinas Essay Example

â€Å"That All Things Are Directed to One End, Which is God† by St. Thomas Aquinas Essay Humans have been searching for the explanation of life and the existence of a higher being or creator since acquiring the capacity for rational thinking. Many theories were forwarded including the teleological or design argument which proposes the existence of God through recognition of the direction and function in nature. The term teleological is from a Greek word telos which means end or purpose. Teleology, therefore, is the assumption of the presence of a purpose or direction in the dynamics of nature. Furthermore, it asserts that nature or universe is a very complex design to occur out of nothing. This means that this design must have a designer who is God. Proponents of this argument include Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Augustine of Hippo, Saint Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, George Berkeley, William James, David Hume, William Paley, John Barrow, Frank Tipler, John Polkinghorne George Wald and John Allen Paulos. But the most comprehensive early version of the teleological argument is credited to St. Thomas Aquinas in his Fifth Way including his Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Theologica (Ferre).Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) was an Italian Catholic priest, belonging to the Order of Preachers. He was a philosopher and theologian, with a designation of Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Universalis. He was the founder of the Thomistic school and the leading proponent of natural theology. He is recognized by most Catholics as the Church greatest theologian and model teacher for priesthood by the Roman Catholic Church (Craig).St. Aquinas’ works are characterized by the following elements: (a) an amalgamation of the thoughts of Old and New Testaments, (b) ideas of levels of knowledge and nature, (c) the claim that humans learn to act rationally from nature, (d) separation of the worlds of God and man and (e)transition from paganism, Old Law, New Law and to Christianity (Himma).St. Aquinas wrote Summa Contra Gentiles between 1258 and 1264. It is divided in to two sections. The first section consists of books I to III which cover human truths. The second section consists of book IV which discusses divine truths. Its main points include the dual property of truth which may be partly achieved through reason and partly by other ways, the different levels of intellects, the utilization of pure reason which leads to an uninformed concoction of deception and truth, and the argument that man cannot attain all truth by reason alone as a humbling reminder for mankind (Ferre).A chapter of Summa Contra Gentiles is entitled â€Å"That All Things Are Directed to One End, Which is God† which tackles the meaning of life and death. The following is an analysis of the said chapter through understanding of some of its salient points (Aquinas 32-56).On the opening parts, the Summa Contra Gentiles asserts its main point: that all things originate and leads back to God or the Creator. The cause and the end of everything is what God stands for. Aside from being the cause and the end, God is also referred to as the common good. Accordingly, all things exist for the purpose of attaining semblance to God. God is the Alpha and Omega and this summarizes the thought that He is the end of all things.Next, the summa indicates that knowledge of God is the highest level of intellectual substance. In order to acquire likeness with God, there must be proper operation of the intellectual process of man by understanding God. To achieve this, man must operate in his perfect condition which translates to perfection as embodied by God. Furthermore, the happiness of intellectual substances arises from the understanding of an intelligible object which is God. It suggests that human intellect yearns, loves, and get pleasure from the knowledge of divine things even though it can comprehend a little part of such things as compared to its knowledge of lower things around it.Then, St. Aquinas wrote that the last end of man and of any intelligent being is happiness or beatitude which, in turn, is the knowledge of God. He asks if happiness constitutes an act of the will and came up with the following explanation. According to St. Aquinas, appetite and intellect are separate and appetite is not proper for an intellectual being. All other beings have appetite including man but not all has intelligence. Since the will is a form of appetite and happiness and beatitude is an end of intellectual substance and not of appetite, then the will is not proper for an intellectual substance. In addition, if will is an act of desire or delight then the will cannot be considered the last end or happiness. In summary, the intellect is absolutely higher than the will and the will is only higher than intellect in some restricted sense.The argument that human happiness does not come from carnal pleasures followed. Here, carnal pleasures are referred to as the pleasures of the table and of sex. These pleasures are deemed to be present in nature only f or the sake of operation. Operation refers to the necessary functions of a human being. Pleasures of the table are to be found to facilitate the act of eating and drinking which entails nourishment of the body through food and water. On the other hand, pleasures of sex are in place for reproduction or begetting of children. Pleasure in itself is not the last end but the preservation of the body and the procreation of mankind.   Therefore, happiness cannot be attributed to these pleasures.Another way to look at it, according to the argument, is that through the comparison of brute and man. It is known that pleasures of taking in food and pleasures of sex can be found both in beast and man. While man can be described as happy in certain instances, this description is neither appropriate nor applicable to beast in any instance in its life. If pleasures are to be found in man and beast but not happiness, then this goes on to say that happiness does not arise from carnal pleasures.Furt hermore, if carnal pleasures are considered the root of happiness then more usage of table and sex pleasure activities should result to more good. This is not the case, according to St. Aquinas, instead more experience of carnal pleasures or abuse of such pleasures result to harm on the body and inhibition of other pleasures. Unlike intelligence which can be used more to a good end without the risk of abuse, carnal pleasures are attained only for operation of nutrition and reproduction which may not be performed in excess in recognition of related harm or pain.Next, the summa evaluates whether happiness originates from honors. Honor is coveted by men to be bestowed from the wise or the great. In order to achieve this, according to St. Aquinas, men strive for certain things for which they will receive honor. It is only for such specific attributes that man may receive honor from other men. This means that receipt of honor do not necessitate that a man is honorable as a whole. In this case, happiness cannot be attributed to honor.In addition, happiness is achieved through virtue which is inherently a product of virtuous deeds that are voluntary. To do good deeds for honor that is paid by other men cannot be considered voluntary and therefore not virtuous and for this reason honor cannot be considered as the component of happiness.Furthermore, since men are honored for specific achievements, then other traits are shadowed and these traits may be not honorable. If other attributes of a man can be overlooked due to placement of honor, wicked and sinful attributes can also be overlooked leading to proclamation of wicked and sinful men as honorable. Good is never compatible with evil, therefore happiness cannot consist of honor.Whereas honor cannot be considered as a source of happiness, St. Aquinas then looked at glory and came up with the same realization. Glory is defined as the general acknowledgment and praise of a good name or simply being famous or admired. Gl ory is achieved from being honored by people who recognize the person. If glory is desired for the sake of honor which in the previous paragraphs not considered a source of happiness – then the same or lower regard should be given to glory. Glory consists mainly of praise which is given to men who had not yet reached their last end. But glory is not stable since people’s opinion and praise are not constant. This makes glory unstable while good must be stable as well as happiness. Therefore, glory does not constitute happiness.Happiness does not come from wealth, according to St. Aquinas. The main advantage of wealth is its use for acquiring material goods and convenience when spent. The purpose of wealth is for the consumption of man. Fortune, which is a form of wealth, is deemed unreasonable. Evil persons can also have wealth. For the said reasons above, wealth therefore cannot constitute happiness.Worldly power does not equate to good or evil but evil persons can wi eld worldly power just as good persons can. Power is unstable since it depends on its constituents which are the people. Since worldly power is imperfect and can be used for the detriment of other people, it cannot be considered as a root of happiness.Beauty, strength and health are known as bodily goods. These goods of the body are naturally unstable and not subject to the will. These goods are also present in beasts but only men can be considered to experience happiness. Moreover, soul is better than body while intellect is higher than sense. Due to these assumptions, it can be said that bodily goods do not constitute happiness.According to St. Aquinas, happiness does not come from acts of the moral virtues. Moral actions are expressions of passions of which is not benefiting of God. Since the highest end of man is to become like God, having passions through moral actions is straying far from that objective. This behavior has some extent parallel with animals. Since animals do not achieve happiness through it, then this means that moral virtues do not result to happiness.Act of prudence is not a source of ultimate happiness. St. Aquinas argues that act of prudence is not about intellect or reason. In addition, it is not considered of special value but just of contingent practical concerns. Furthermore, prudence is required and observed only by other people and does not concern the knowledge and imitation of God. Some animals exhibit prudence. Given these three reasons, prudence does not constitute happiness.Happiness does not originate from the practice of art, according to the text. Practice of art, according to St. Aquinas is practical where there is no ultimate or last end. The end product of the practice of art is art itself which is just for man’s use and no other meaningful end thus confirming that it cannot be what constitutes happiness.Finally, St. Aquinas sums up the above points and adds that contemplating about the truth does not constitute happiness. This is so because the act of contemplation of truth leads to nothing but to itself and nowhere else beyond man’s happiness. Happiness entails knowledge and imitation of God. All occupations of man are simply about contemplating the truth and contemplation of sciences is just the first steps and not the end of human inquiry. Since happiness consist of the knowledge of the highest intelligible substances, then it is only warranted that contemplation of God is what constitutes happiness.Analysis of the above points leads to the following observations. First, St. Thomas Aquinas prepared the background of his arguments by classifying the different levels of what is found in nature or the universe. In the first tier, are the inanimate objects that obviously do not possess intelligence and thus a last end. The next level is the animals or creatures possessing some levels of mental facility but do not exhibit purpose or any capacity of happiness. The third level is the d omain of man. Man possesses the following characteristics: intelligible substance and capacity for happiness. The fourth and highest tier is for the divine things or God. The divine being has knowledge of all the things that compose the lower tiers.After preparing this background for his argument, St. Aquinas explained the importance of intelligence and what it entails in the understanding and imitation of God. He asserts that man can achieve knowledge of all the objects in level of man and below him but can only try to understand divine things but not all about them. Through understanding of God can man achieve a level of likeness with Him. Moreover, St. Aquinas explained what happiness or beatitude means and its place in reaching man’s last end.Next, St. Aquinas listed all the possible sources of happiness for man. These are act of the will, carnal pleasures, honors, glory, wealth, worldly power, goods of the body, acts of the moral virtues, act of prudence, and practice of art. Neither one of these material and abstract elements offer happiness as an end to man. This conclusion was arrived at by determining if each has merit in attaining happiness as compared to animals, if stable, and if it is absolutely good and not compatible with evil. Ultimately, St. Aquinas claimed that none of the above objects or achievements can result to happiness which is close to happiness associated with knowledge of divine things. Therefore, only contemplation of God constitutes definitive happiness of man.

Cells essays

Cells essays Proteins made from ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum enter the lumen of the ER and move to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. A small vacuole (vesicle) pinches off the smooth ER and carries the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where it is further processed. Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded to form little shelves, called cristae, which project into the matrix, an inner space filled with a gel-like fluid. A vacuole is a large membrane-enclosed sac that usually functions as a storage area. Plant vacuoles contain not only water, sugars, and salts but also pigments and toxic substances. The pigments are responsible for many of the red, blue, or purple colors of flowers and some leaves. The green pigment chlorophyll, found within the grana, makes chloroplasts and leaves green. Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy, and chloroplasts convert this energy into ATP molecules. Chloroplasts carry on the process of photosynthesis, in which light energy is used to produce food molecules, such as glucose. Chloroplasts take in carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy in order to produce glucose and oxygen. The energy-related organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria, convert one form of energy into another. While chloroplasts are unique to plant cells, mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. Chloroplasts carry on photosynthesis, during which light energy (photo) is used to produce food molecules, like glucose (synthesis). Chloroplasts take in carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy in order to produce glucose and give off oxygen. Mitochondria are often called the powerhouses of the cell: just as a powerhouse burns fuel to produce electricity, the mitochondria convert the chemical energy of glucose products into the chemical energy of ATP molecules. Chromatin, a threadlike material, contains DNA and is found within the nucleus. At the time of cell division, chromatin conde...

Agriculture in the next 30 years Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agriculture in the next 30 years - Assignment Example For quite a long time, researchers have ranked agriculture as the major source of income globally. In this regard, as the main economic activity and many countries’ economic backbone, speculations have always been made in fear of what might happen the next minute.A renowned scholar, Glen Hiemstra, of futurist.com once noted that any individual who does not emprise technology that comes along with agriculture remain a stumbling block to countries economic progress. In support to Hiemstra words, every individual’s effort towards agriculture helps to boost country’s GDP and per capita income.As an activity drawing scholarly interest, several definitions have been brought forth all inclined towards recognizing agriculture as farming or husbandry, a way of animal cultivation, plants and fungi production as well as production of foods and fiber all geared towards human life sustainability (Rosner, 2009). As a study majorly phrased as agricultural science refers to huma n activities. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the future expectations of agriculture, drawing argument from past and present happenings. Agricultural activities date back thousands of years and it has developed tremendously due to different climates, cultures, and technology. Being the backbone of human life, agriculture had to be developed continuously to sustain the needs of the people in the world. In confirmation of the importance of the activity in generating income, most of the industries worldwide deal with agricultural product in their operations (Li, Liu, & Chen, 2011). Agriculture is thus a core activity to the world and people cannot live without it. The economy has to grow through the help of agriculture as the main activity. In general, as years go by, the need for foods, feed, fibers, biofuels, and fishing will increase significantly thus the need to develop and diversify agricultural sector. This will greatly be attributed by the desire to feed the constantly growing population, creation of employment activities to the citizens, need for a source of income and due to the fact that it is a source of foreign exchange. As such, every individual expects positive development of agriculture in the future. This is from the understanding of the impact it has to a county’s development. Agriculture is a very costly exercise in terms of cost and involvement, like for instance, buying of pesticides, nutrient runoff, excessive water usage and many more. Furthermore, pesticide poisoning, pollution of environment through chemicals emitted by agricultural activities are the major negative impacts by agriculture. Pollution of water by biofuels emitted from industries causes water scarcity hence increased the challenge of producing enough food for the growing population. Thus, the need to fulfill agricultural needs results to environmental degradation and negative implications on peoples lives in terms of high costs and their health and therefore the need for stern measures to be taken to counter the effects. It is expected therefore that in the future, having in mind the increasing living standards, the cost of all the above-mentioned will increase notably (Hiemstra, 2000). However, other scholars are for the opinion that better and cheaper means of farming might be initiated cutting down much of the expenses and hence bettering and increasing the production. The presently initiated biotechnological products will in the future, if not well handled expose human beings to dangerous infections such as cancer, diabetes, and heart attacks. People infected with such disease may even end up dying or developing lifetime complexities (Mundlak, 2000). The need to feed the growing population has called for swift development in crop production and pest control. In future, it is expected that technological advancements will be developed swiftly to curb food shortage and various pest control techniques. Disease prevalence in crops has ho wever remained constant despite all the

Genetically Modified Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Genetically Modified Food - Essay Example Other studies resist wide spread and implementation of the technology because of concerns that GMO foods can cross biological boundaries and cause harm to humans and the environment. Besides safety and environmental aspects, the topic draws a lot of socio-economic concerns, public knowledge and attitude, confidence in decision-making institutions and ethical concerns that shape consumer perceptions of the risks posed by GM foods. Public opinion is a force that should have been taken into account if gene engineering needed to be successful in developing new product especially the controversial GM foods. The issue of GM food is made complex by the various interested groups, the different perceptions of risk and reward as well as the conflicting perceptions regarding the benefits and costs associated with the controversial products. The answers behind the controversy are complicated ranging from ethical to religious to even potential health and safety impacts posed by the technology in GM foods. Supporters of the genetic modification in foods highlight the premise that the technology is capable of meeting not only the basic food needs of the society but also achieving nutritional, environmental and economic benefits to the consumers. Sceptics of GM foods consider this to an unnecessary interference with nature that poses unknown and potentially catastrophic consequences. According to Hossain et al (2003), regardless of the potential of GM foods, they have received mixed regulatory and public acceptance within the US and other parts of the world. Moreover, regardless of the prevailing technological challenges, consumer acceptance of GM foods remains an essential factor that determines the future of the technology. This stems from the scarcity of reliable information regarding consumer awareness and perception concerning the significant subject. Based on a sample population of students, Hossain et al (2003) found the students were reluctant to consume food with GM

The United States and Canadian Correctional system

The United States and Canadian Correctional system From a historical point of view, Great Britain had influenced the correctional system in the United States and Canada. During the Americas Colonial period, United-States was under the British rule and its penal system today is influenced by efforts made during that time. While Canada is currently under the British rule and its penal system reflects their system. These two countries are located in close proximity to each other on the North American continent. In addition to sharing the same continent and being influenced by the same country, these two countries correctional systems are different. Primary, the United States system puts more emphasis on punishment through imprisonment which accounts for its high incarceration rate compared to other countries. Canada expresses more emphasis on reforming, rehabilitation and reintegration of the offenders into society. To explore the correctional system of these two countries, a comparative analysis will be conducted that will focus on the History, type of offenses or crimes, types of correctional system, correctional issues, and sentencing alternative programs. Finally, accommodations for resolving some of the most critical issues facing these two countries will be presented. History Early United States Correctional System The Unites States Correctional system had gone through many changes over the years. During the American Colonial time, execution was only used for serious offenses. Corporal punishment was often used as a form of punishment. Offenders who received corporal punishment received harsh treatment. For example, a practice called ducking stool was frequently used, in which offenders are placed on a chair and dunked into a pond until they almost drown. Another type of punishment was branding irons into someone skins, and was used for both serious and petty offenses. According to Champion (1990) pillory, flogging, mutilations and banishment were used to sanction deviant behavior. Those who were banished were sent to the western territories and the offenders were subjected to being killed by hostile Indians. According to Champion (1990) Corporal punishment stopped in 1682 when William Penn reformed the correctional system by banning it. He introduced fines and created jails in every county in the state of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, when Penn died the State of Pennsylvania reverted back to the corporal punishment, which continued in every colony until the American Revolutionary War. Then from the seventeenth through eighteenth century, jails and prisons in the United States were made with the intention to make profit off of the prisoners, which profited the wealthy people. Champion (1990) mentioned that private business interests were in control of North Carolina inmates, because the state and local governments avoided the responsibility of running prisons. This trend changed at the end of the civil war when the inmate population increased; jails and prison operation shifted from private enterprise to state legislature operations. However, some states prison labors continued as a source of revenue and also for political support. According to Champion (1990) from 1790 to 1815, the federal prison population increased tremendously causing prisoners to be released early from their sentences. Thus, federal district judges granted prison administrators the right to early release or parole to reduce inmate populations. Champion (1990) mentioned, during the early nineteenth century, probation and parole were established as a non-incarcerative strategy for managing offenders. In the 1930s, Probation started in selected jurisdictions. In the early 1820s parole was implemented and by 1944 parole was in all states. Early Canada Correctional System During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the death penalty was used against convicted serious offenders. According to Curt Griffiths and Simon Jones-Verdum (1990), transportation, banding, fines, whipping and confinement in stocks or pillory were forms of punishment for less serious crimes. Banishment was first used in the Upper Region of Canada in 1802 and Transportation was used in 1838 until 1853. The offenders who were banished were transported from Canada to England, Australia, and Bermuda. The purpose of these punishments was to caused shame to the offenders. It was used as a general deterrent for the community. Forms of capital and corporal punishment were conducted in public. For example, the offenders dead bodies were displayed for the public to see general deterrent to crimes. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that in the early period of Canada punishment was swift, severe and progressive and there were little uniformity in sentencing given by judges. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), during the 1600s and 1700s incarcerating inmates as a form of punishment was not widespread. For example, municipal jails and lock-ups facilities only held individuals who were awaiting trial, with the exception of a workhouse that was built in Nova Scotia, where prisoners were subjected to hard labor. In Nova Scotia, prisoners were exploited, and they had to pay for their meals and rents. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), failure to pay will result in longer stay in Nova. The workhouse continued until the mid-1800 when it was determined to be unfit for further habitation. Legislation was enacted to construct more workhouse in the late 1700s. However, many municipalities did not constructed such facilities because the warehouses were inadequate for habitation. This practice continues from the 1800s until the early twentieth century. In 1835, the first penitentiary in Canada was in Kingston, Ontario. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) stated that the idea to build the penitentiary was influenced by social, political and economic changes in Canada. They noted that, in the last 1700s, increasing urbanization and industrialization, increase in population, and increased social mobility had led to social control. Family disorganization and community corruption was believed to cause crime. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that penitentiaries were build to provide the necessary training and discipline to individuals who had no family, church and community influences. Also the Kingston penitentiary was built because crime was seen as the consequence of immorality, intemperance, lack of religious practice, and idleness (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994. p. 464). Also, criminals were seen as a threat to society. In 1840, the excessive use of corporal punishment in the Kingston Penitentiary led to an investigation and a legislative action was implemented to reduce the use of corporal punishment in the Kingston Penitentiary. Giffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that the Penitentiary Act of 1868 led to the construction of several penitentiaries in the country. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), after World War II, vocational training, educational programs along with therapeutic techniques were introduced into the federal and provincial institutions. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted, in 1969, the Canadian Committee on Corrections concluded that reforming the offenders was more effective than housing offenders in correctional institutions. However, in the 1980s, Canadian corrections returned to the punishment based on reparation. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that in the 1990s the federal level corrections are based on a mixture of program opportunities model and rehabilitation model. The opportunities model is based on the fact that offenders are responsible for their behavior and not on personality disorder or socio-economic conditions. The historical aspects of the America and Canada penal system are important for penology to understand why ones country is the way it is now. In the early period, based on the seriousness of the crime corporal punishment was used and as society got more civilized imprisonment was used to punish criminals for certain type of crime. Today, Canada defines crime and punishes criminal differently than the United States. The different types of crime and forms of punishment exercised by both countries will be explored. Type of Crimes United States In U.S crimes are classified in two main categories; misdemeanors and felonies. According to Champion (1990), misdemeanors are minor or petty offenses that carry less severe penalties. Misdemeanor offenses may result in fines and incarceration for less than one year in a local jail. For example, financial statement, prostitution, shoplifting and trespassing are consider misdemeanor offenses. Champion (1990) defined felonies offenses as major crimes that carry more severe penalty and may result in fines and/or incarceration for one or more years in a state or federal facility. For example, arson, murder, rape, burglary, robbery, vehicular theft (Champion, 1990, p. 52) are consider felonies offenses. In the United States crimes are categorized as either violent or property crimes. Violent crimes are crimes that cause physical harm to other while property crimes are considered nonviolent crimes. Canada According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), there are three major categories of crime in Canada: summary conviction offenses, indictable offences and hybrid offenses-a combination of summary conviction and indictable offences. Summary convictions offenses are the least serious and carry the most lenient penalties ,while indictable offences are the most serious and carry the most severe penalties (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994, p. 216). Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), mentioned that hybrid offenses lie somewhere between the two previously mention crimes. Summary convictions offenses may result in a fine of $2,000 and six months in jail. For example, committing indecent act, public disturbance, prostitution and driving a motor vehicle without the owners fall under this category. permission. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) stated Indictable offences include, murder, treason, property crimes, possession of stolen goods, assault and sexual assault. According to Griffiths and J ones-Verdum (1994), these offenses may result in a two years to life imprisonment in a federal penitentiary or provincial jail (only if the offenses are less than two years). Also Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) continued to noted, that Hybrid offenses include, theft, fraud under $1,000, driving under the influences and assaults (sexual assault and assaulting a police officer). Type of Corrections and Correctional Issues United States The American correctional system is divided into the Local, State and Federal system. Each 50 states have different correctional organizations system. In fact, no state is required to follow any federal correctional system or plan, and as a result, a mixture of agencies and organizations is found (Champion, 1990 p.38) in every state. Each state, county and city maintains facilities to house offenders. Champion (1990) mentioned that State offenders are sentenced to state prisons, those who violated local criminal laws are sentenced to city or county jails, and federal offenders are sentenced to federal correctional institutions (penitentiaries, prison camps and detention centers). Champion (1990) also mentioned that recently, many federal prisons are used to housed state and federal offenders to help reduce overcrowding. On the Federal Level, the Department of Justice oversees all federal correctional agencies which include the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the U.S Parole Commission. There are different confinement facilities established to house prisoners, such as, minimum-security prisons, medium-security prisons, maximum-security prisons and Maxi-Maxi prisons. According to Champion (1990), minimum and medium security prisons account for 60 percent of all state and federal prisons in the United States. He further mentioned that the Federal Bureau of Prisons oversees numerous minimum security prisons and these prisons house low-risk, nonviolent first time offenders and prisoners who are on their way toward parole. He also mentioned that the medium security prisons house extremely violent and nonviolent offenders. In Medium prisons, visitation privileges, freedoms of movements and access to services program are restricted. Champion notes (1990) approximately 40 percent of U.S prisons are maximum-security facilities that housed escapers, violent crime recidivists and other high-risk offenders. Maxi-Maxi prisons housed the worst type of offenders, especially offend ers who tried to escape prisons. Regarding sentencing alternatives, legislators have established numerous intermediate punishments to control prison and jail overcrowding. According to Champion (1990), legislators established numerous forms of intermediate sanction programs. Champion (1990) noted that the types of intermediate sanctions programs used in many US jurisdictions, include intensive supervised probation, community-based corrections, house arrest and electronic monitoring. Intensive supervised probation (ISP) involves consist or intensive visitation by probation officers on a monthly basis. The main purpose of community-based programs is to reintegrate probationers into their community. According to Champion (1990), Community-based programs include halfway houses, furlong monitoring facilities and halfway-in house. Champion (1990) electronic monitoring as confining offenders to their place of residences until their sentencing time is completed. According to Champion (1990), in the United States diversion p rogram are available for minor offenses, such as reckless drivers and driver under the influences. He stated that diversion programs includes, psychological counseling for sex offenders, group therapy, vocational/educational training, probation, victim restitution and other programs. There are numerous issues facing Americas prisons, such as overcrowding, riots, prison design and control and racial disparity among prisoners. Regarding overcrowding in the United States, in 1987 the state capacities were 105 to 120 percent over their capacity and the federal prison were 37 to 73 percent over its capacity (Champion 1994, p. 229). Today that ratio capacity percent amount has increased. According to Goldstone and Useem (2002), external pressures on prison administrations, such as charges in law or increase sentencing on inmates had influenced prison riots. They go on to state that, arbitrary rule, excess use of force by staff, loss of inmates services, extreme violence and lack of safety for inmates has led to riot in United States prisons. Another problem in prison is racial disparity. According to Anthony Doob and Julian Roberts (1997), in 1991, blacks account for 12% of the general population and 48% are incarcerated in prisons and jails in America. Finally, prison design and control are serious issues facing American prisons. Canada The Correctional Services of Canada and the National Parole Board Canada oversee all adult federal correctional agencies. The Provincial Correctional Services provides services for provincial areas in Canada. According to Giffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), the Correctional Service of Canada agency is organized into three levels: national, regional, and institutional or district offices, and parole offices. The national level is located in Ottawa. There are six regional headquarter located throughout different regions in Canada and there are responsible for overseeing the maximum, medium, and minimum security facilities, community correctional services and forest work camps. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that the National Parole Board is an independent administrative agency with 36 full time members who review cases on inmates either serving life sentences and indeterminate sentences for dangerous offenders, grant full and day parole to federal inmates and to provincial inmat es. Provincial Correctional Services provide services for offenders serving less than two years in prison. Provinces governments are responsible for detaining offenders prior to their initial court appearances in temporary lock-ups facilities. Regarding sentencing alternatives, the Canadian Sentencing Commission mentions that sentencing guidelines should ensure a greater reliance upon community sanctions as opposed to the penalty of imprisonment (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994, p.363). The Correctional Service of Canada and various provincial correctional agencies offer numerous intermediate sanctions programs such as home confinement, Intensive probations supervision, electronic monitoring. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), there are also Community based-programs to assists inmates such as, vocational training programs, educational programs, chaplaincy and religious services, medical, dental and psychiatric services and occupational and vocational program. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994), suggested that Canada federal corrections are highly-Labor-Intensive due to large personnel who are responsible for supervising in custodial and non-custodial setting. As a result, escalating costs of managing and supervising convicted offenders at the federal level (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994 p. 473) increase costs. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that to housed inmates in maximum security institutions is very costly. They also mentioned, in 1994, to house an inmate in a federal facility it cost on average $136 per day. Anthony Doob and Roberts Julian (1994), stated that aboriginal and black Canadians are overrepresented in the federal prison facilities. They noted that from 1993-94 aboriginals makeup 3.7 % of the population and 12 % was incarcerated in federal prisons and blacks make up 2% and accounted for 5% of those incarcerated in federal prisons. Overcrowding is a major issue in Canada Correctional System because it leads to es calating violence in its prisons. Comparative Analysis There are many differences and few similarities between Canada and United-States correctional system in terms of the types of correctional system and types of crimes. The critical issues facing the correctional system in the United States and Canada are very similar. For example, overcrowding, riots and racial disparities are critical issues both countries are facing today. These two countries correctional goals are different. The American correctional institutions goal is the rehabilitation of the offenders in prisons by providing training and developmental programs. However this goal was driven by other factors; overcrowding, costs and economic crisis. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), correctional institutions focus on the reformation and the reintegration. Thus, Canada correctional system put more priority on institutional service programs to help offenders after they are released from prisons. For example, Canadian realized the federal prisoners literacy rate was l ow. In fact, in 1991 65% of inmate in federal correctional facilities had math and language skills below the level of grade eight (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994 p. 514) and an ABE prison education program were created to reduce the literacy rate. Historical capital punishment was used for serious crimes and corporal punishment was used for less serious crimes in Canada and in the United States. Social changes, such as, increase in population, prisons and jails lead to the constructions of penitentiaries and warehouses to housed prisoners in both countries. In the early twentieth century, both countries initiated probation and parole programs to deal with the overcrowding prison population. Currently, both countries have are many self improvement programs to help offenders and inmates to improve themselves in society. In both countries, sentences are based upon the level of seriousness of the crimes. The sentencing for less serious and most serious crimes in the United States and Canada varies. In Canada the minimum sentence for serious offenses is longer compared to the United States. And in the United States the minimum sentence for less serious offenses is longer compared to Canada. For certain serious offenses (murder) depending on the jurisdiction in the US, capital punishment is illegal as opposed to Canada were capital punishment is illegal. Banning capital punishment have increased the number of prisoners serving life sentences. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), in order to deal with the large numbers of people incarcerated, the government adopted the Canadian Sentencing Commission recommendation that sentencing guidelines should put great dependences on community sanction programs as opposed to imprisonment to reduce the prison population. Thus, correctional administrators a nd judges have push for the development of alternative sentencing programs to reduce the high incarceration rated. The type of correctional systems in the United States and Canada are different in terms of what governmental agency oversees the local and federal level prison system. In the United States, correctional facilities are divided into several levels; federal, state, county and cities. In contract, Canada correctional facilities are divided two levels; federal and provincial. In the United States all 50 states, including countries and cities set its own rules and regulations on how to run prisons. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994) mentioned earlier that Canada local jails and temporary lock-up facility (temporary housed people waiting for trail) are under the control of the provincial government. And, the Correctional Service of Canada (federal agency) oversees the national, all regional and institutional/district officers and operates 73 parole offices. Similarly, the Department of Justice (federal agency) oversees the all States, Federal and inmates on parole. However, Canadas Provinci al Correctional Services (non-federal agency) shares responsible by providing parole and probation services to Canadians. This is due to the fact that the National Parole Board agency that is delegated to oversees all inmate on parole and probations are not located in some provincial regions. United States and Canada both have federal government agencies that oversee all maximum, minimum and medium security prisons. The introduction of intermediate sanction programs and division programs in the United States and Canada was implemented for different reasons. Based on Champion (1994), the 1973 President Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice created community-based program to reduce the prisons population in the US. In contrast, Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994), stated, in 1993, Canada federal government passed a bill that resulted in the expansion of intermediate sanctions program that focuses on helping and keeping offenders out of prison. United States is more interested in punishing the offenders through imprisonment while Canada is more interested in providing alternatives efforts to confinement. Its one of the main reasons the United States incarceration rate in the United-States is the highest in the world. Both countries have seen the benefits of intermediate sanctions as a mean to rehabilitate and to reintegrate offenders into the community as a way to contain their costs and reduce their incarceration rate. Both countries used intermediate sanctions, such as intensive probation supervision (IPS), community-based programs, home confinement and electronic monitoring as a mean to reduce the incarceration rate and reintegrate offenders. However both countries cited that intermediate sanctions programs have resulted in widening the net creating an increase numbers of offenders in the criminal justice system. A negative effect of increasing the numbers of intermediate sanctions programs is officials who are assigned to monitor these offenders will not contribute much time and efforts rehabilitating every offenders. Nevertheless, these programs have contributed in some way or another in rehabilitate offenders. Accommodations There are accommodations the United States and Canada can apply for prisons overcrowding riots and high disparities among minorities. Regarding overcrowding solutions, both countries can implement front-door solutions (Champion, 1990, p.229), which recommends prosecutors and judges to have greater use of diversion program and community-based services for offenders. A second recommendation for overcrowding is back-door solutions (Champion, 1990, p.229), which involves granting prisoners early release or parole, furlough and administrative discharge. Currently, Canada is more into practicing the use of intermediate sanctions more than the United States. As a result, their incarceration population decreased and contain their cost. In addition having private businesses investing in the running of prison facilities will reduce management cost. Bert Useem and Jack Goldstone (2002) note that prison riots are caused by state or national officials imposing new demands on prisons administrations, inadequate services provided to prisoners, prisoner abuse by security guards and more. Bert Useem and Jack Goldstone (2002) suggested that the Major Rudolph Giuliani solved prisons riots in New York by appointing Michael Jacobson and Bernad Devik who implement new reform actions. Such as, creating unity and coherence in policy among the warden and correction staff, increasing the safety of prisoners, curbing excessive use of force by staff and enforcing swift and effective responses to inmates provocations. Those New York Prison reform ideas can be implemented in every state in the US and Canada. Another solution for prison riots is to recommend staff to monitor prisoners who behave in prisons by granting those prisoners early release. One major issues that both countries face is racial disparity, for US it is African Americans and for Canada it is Blacks and Aboriginal Canadians. Solutions for racial disparity include changing mandatory sentencing law for certain offenses that tend to discriminate against minorities. Conclusion The United-States believes that the rehabilitation of offenders is an ideal goal to be met in their correctional system, but in reality many offenders reenter into the criminal justice system. One reason cited earlier is that correctional officials do not get ample time dedicated to monitoring offenders rehabilitative progress because of heavy caseload and the large amount of people in alternative sentencing programs. In contrast, Canadas penal system puts more emphasis on the use of alternative sentences programs that focuses on treating the offender as opposed to imprisonment. Canada believes more in giving the offender an opportunity to better ones self. Thus, Canada has a mixture of opportunities and rehabilitation model. In fact, Canada sentencing commission and other governmental bodies have made it an effort to give offenders the need to become a productive member of society. Both countries implemented correctional programs and alternative sentencing programs to reduce overcro wding and costs. But the United States implemented those type of programs to reduce overcrowding and costs instead of rehabilitating the offenders. .